Sehitoglu I et al. · 2015
Pregnant rats were exposed to 900 MHz cell-phone radiation 24 hours a day for 20 days throughout pregnancy. Seven male offspring from each group were evaluated at 60 days, with testicular size, weight, histology, and serum testosterone measured. Exposed males had lower serum testosterone (3.51±0.21 ng/ml vs 4.04±0.47 ng/ml, p=0.018), higher caspase-3 activity (2.00±0.88 vs 1.00±0.63, p=0.026), and lower Johnsen scores (8.4±0.5 vs 9.4±0.5, p=0.010) than controls.
Sangun O, Dundar B, Darici H, Comlekci S, Doguc DK, Celik S · 2015
Researchers exposed female Wistar rats to a 2450 MHz electromagnetic field for one hour per day starting either prenatally or postnatally, with a sham-exposed control group. Prenatal exposure led to significantly lower daily mass gain and significantly later puberty. Brain and ovary total oxidant status and oxidative stress index were significantly increased in the prenatal group compared to the control group. Serum LH levels were increased in both prenatal and postnatal groups, while FSH and E2 did not differ among groups. Histological examinations showed no statistically significant differences between groups.
Mugunthan N et al. · 2015
Mice were exposed to 2G and 3G radiation for 48 minutes per day over periods of 30 to 180 days. Exposed mice showed significant reductions in body weight at the first, second, and fourth months, and in testis weight and volume during the first three months. Serum testosterone levels were significantly lower in exposed mice at the first, second, third, fourth, and sixth months, with no significant difference between the 2G and 3G groups. Histological analysis revealed lower seminiferous tubule density and diameter, fewer Sertoli and Leydig cells, and microscopic changes such as wide interstitium, cell detachment, vacuolar degeneration, reduced epithelial thickness, maturation arrest, and Johnson scores of 7 to 9.
Mahmoudabadi FS, Ziaei S, Firoozabadi M, Kazemnejad A · 2015
Researchers conducted a case–control study enrolling 292 women with unexplained spontaneous abortion before 14 weeks gestation and 308 pregnant women beyond 14 weeks gestation. They collected data using two forms covering socioeconomic and obstetric characteristics, medical and reproductive history, lifestyles, and cell phone use during pregnancy. Mobile phone exposure was assessed by average daily calling time, phone location when not in use, hands-free use, other applications, manufacturer-reported SAR, and average effective SAR. All mobile phone related data differed between the groups except hands-free device use (p < 0.001).
Bedir R et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field during the first 20 days of pregnancy. Kidney tissue from exposed fetuses showed mild congestion, tubular defects, and dilatation of Bowman's capsule. Apoptosis assessed by caspase-3 staining was stronger in exposed renal tubular cells, and serum potassium was significantly higher in the exposed group while urea, creatinine and other electrolytes did not differ.
Bakacak M et al. · 2015
The study used 16 rats, with eight rats exposed to an electromagnetic field in the abdominal region for 15 minutes per day for 15 days and eight rats serving as controls. After 15 days the ovaries were removed and examined histologically, revealing mean follicle counts of 34.00 ± 10.20 (right) and 36.00 ± 10.53 (left) in exposed rats versus 78.50 ± 25.98 (right) and 71.75 ± 29.66 (left) in controls. The exposed group had significantly fewer follicles overall (p < 0.001 for the right ovary, p = 0.011 for the left ovary, and p = 0.002 for the total).
Yüksel M, Nazıroğlu M, Özkaya MO. · 2015
Researchers exposed pregnant rats and their offspring to 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation for 60 minutes daily during pregnancy and growth. Uterine lipid peroxidation increased in exposed groups while glutathione peroxidase activity and prolactin levels decreased in developing rats. In maternal rats, plasma prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone decreased while total oxidant status and body temperature increased. No changes occurred in reduced glutathione, total antioxidants, or vitamins A, C, and E in maternal uterine and plasma samples.
Ulubay M et al. · 2015
Researchers studied the effects of prenatal 900 MHz EMF exposure on kidney histology in four-week-old male rats using seven groups including EMF-exposed and supplement-treated groups. EMF exposure significantly increased mean kidney and cortex volume compared to controls. EMF exposure decreased the total number of glomeruli compared to controls. Melatonin and omega-3 supplementation prevented the adverse effects of EMF on the kidneys.
Topal Z et al. · 2015
Adult pregnant rats were divided into control and experimental groups, and the experimental group was exposed to a 900-MHz EMF for 1 h daily during days 13-21 of pregnancy. Male pups from both groups were sacrificed on postnatal day 21. Biochemical analyses showed increased malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase values and decreased glutathione levels in the exposed pups. Light microscopy revealed marked hydropic degeneration in the liver parenchyma, particularly in pericentral regions. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial vacuolization, endoplasmic reticulum expansion, and necrotic hepatocytes.
Sokolovic D et al. · 2015
Researchers divided adult Wistar rats into four groups: saline control, melatonin only, microwave exposure only, and microwave exposure with melatonin treatment. Melatonin was administered daily at 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and rats were sacrificed after 20, 40, and 60 days. Melatonin treatment prevented increases in malondialdehyde after 20 days and reversed microwave effects on xanthine oxidase after 40 days and acid-DNase activity after 20 days. However, melatonin did not change protein carbonyl content, catalase activity, or alkaline DNase activity.
Saygin M, Asci H, Ozmen O, Cankara FN, Dincoglu D, Ilhan I. · 2015
Six-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups, including a sham group, an EMR-only group exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation for 3 hours per day for 30 days, an EMR plus gallic acid group, and a gallic acid-only group. EMR exposure increased malondialdehyde and total oxidant status levels, decreased total antioxidant status, and raised prostaglandin E2 and calcitonin gene-related peptide staining in testicular tubules. Gallic acid treatment lowered total oxidant status and oxidative stress index and raised total antioxidant status. It also reduced prostaglandin E2 and calcitonin gene-related peptide staining and increased testosterone and VEGF levels relative to the EMR-only group.
Odacı E, Özyılmaz C. · 2015
Twenty-four adult male rats were divided into control, sham, and EMF groups. The EMF group was exposed to 900 MHz EMF for one hour per day over 30 days. Histopathologically, EMF-exposed rats showed vacuoles in seminiferous tubule basal membranes and edema in intertubular space. Seminiferous tubule diameters and germinal epithelium thickness were smaller, and apoptotic index was higher in the EMF group. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione values decreased significantly in the EMF group compared to controls.
Hancı H et al. · 2015
Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and EMF groups, and the EMF group received 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour per day. Male pups were examined on postnatal day 21 for effects on spleen and thymus. In the thymus, malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher and glutathione levels significantly decreased in exposed pups compared to controls. In the spleen, malondialdehyde and glutathione levels increased while superoxide dismutase values decreased significantly. Transmission electron microscopy revealed pathological changes in cell morphology in both thymus and spleen tissues.
Bin-Meferij MM, El-Kott AF · 2015
Wang D et al. · 2015
Exposure significantly reduced progressive sperm motility and viability and increased sperm head defects. Early apoptosis was higher after exposure, while DNA methylation of the H19 ICR and KvDMR1 imprinting genes did not change significantly.
Liu Q, Si T, Xu X, Liang F, Wang L, Pan S. · 2015
Rats were exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation at a specific absorption rate of 0.66 ± 0.01 W/kg for 2 h/d, and sperm were examined after 50 days. The percentage of apoptotic sperm cells in the exposure group was significantly increased by 91.42% compared with the control group. Reactive oxygen species concentration in the exposure group was increased by 46.21%, while total antioxidant capacity was decreased by 28.01%. Radiation also decreased the protein and mRNA expression of bcl-2 and increased that of bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3.
Duan W et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed a mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-2 cell line intermittently to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at intensities of 1, 2, or 3 mT, or to 1800 MHz RF-EMF in GSM-Talk mode at SAR values of 1, 2, or 4 W/kg. After 24 hours of exposure, neither ELF-EMF nor RF-EMF affected cell viability. ELF-EMF exposure significantly increased DNA strand breaks at 3 mT, while RF-EMF exposure significantly induced oxidative DNA base damage at a SAR of 4 W/kg. The researchers suggest that both field types may produce genotoxicity at relatively high intensities but through different patterns of DNA damage.
Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y, Zhang C. · 2015
Researchers investigated whether in utero exposure to 9.417-GHz microwave throughout gestation affected behavior in mouse offspring. Offspring showed less movement in the center of an open field and in an open arm of the elevated-plus maze, which the researchers interpreted as increased anxiety-related behavior. Offspring also showed reduced immobility in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test, which was interpreted as decreased depression-related behavior. In the Morris water maze, male offspring showed decreased learning and memory while female offspring were not affected, suggesting gender-dependent effects.
Adams et al · 2014
Researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using random effects models to determine whether radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones affects human sperm quality. The meta-analysis included ten studies with 1492 samples from fertility clinics and research centres. Sperm quality outcomes measured were motility, viability, and concentration. Exposure to mobile phones was associated with reduced sperm motility (mean difference -8.1%, 95% CI -13.1 to -3.2) and viability (mean difference -9.1%, 95% CI -18.4 to 0.2), while effects on concentration were equivocal. Results were consistent across experimental in vitro and observational in vivo studies.
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers used multiple imputation and propensity score matching on a cohort of 140,356 singleton live births in Northwest England to address missing data and residual confounding. For each of five imputed datasets, 115 exposed women living within 50 meters of an ELF-EMF source were matched to 1150 unexposed women. After doubly robust adjustment, close proximity to an ELF-EMF source was associated with a 116 g reduction in birth weight (95% CI: -224 to -7 g), while no effect was seen for proximity within 100 meters.
Lee SK et al · 2014
The energy generated by an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) is too weak to directly induce genotoxicity. However, it is reported that an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) is related to DNA strand breakage and apoptosis. The testes that conduct spermatogenesis through a dynamic cellular process involving meiosis and mitosis seem vulnerable to external stress such as heat, MF exposure, and chemical or physical agents. According to the ICNIRP 2010 guideline, epidemiologic studies have not consistently shown an association between human adverse reproductive outcomes and maternal or paternal exposure to low frequency fields. In animal studies there is no compelling evidence of a causal relationship between prenatal development and ELF-MF exposure.
Liorni I et al · 2014
Numerical computations were performed on high-resolution pregnant models at 3, 7, and 9 months of gestational age. Fetal whole-body and tissue-specific induced electric fields and current densities were analyzed as a function of magnetic field polarization and gestational age. The study also analyzed induced field variation due to changes in fetal position and calculated uncertainty from grid resolution.
Agarwal A, Durairajanayagam D · 2014
Adams and colleagues conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of mobile phone RF-EMW radiation on sperm quality. The analysis pooled 10 human studies involving 1,492 participants. Mobile phone exposure was associated with reduced sperm motility and viability, while effects on sperm concentration were inconsistent. The researchers suggested that carrying a mobile phone in the trouser pocket negatively impacts sperm quality.
Parodi S et al. · 2014
The SETIL study included 1044 healthy controls and 153 neuroblastoma cases diagnosed between 1998 and 2001. Researchers used a structured questionnaire to collect information on maternal characteristics, reproductive history, and environmental and occupational exposures during pregnancy. They measured extremely low frequency magnetic field home exposure. The study found a twofold risk associated with pregnancy exposure to chemical products for domestic work and hair dye. Risk was increased for preconception maternal exposure to solvents and particularly aromatic hydrocarbons.
Shirai T et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 hours a day over three generations. No abnormalities were observed in mother rats or offspring across any biological parameters including neurobehavioral function. The study used three SAR levels: high (<0.24 W/kg), low (<0.08 W/kg), and sham exposure. Pregnant rats were exposed from gestational day 7 to weaning, and offspring were continuously exposed until 6 weeks of age.
