Cvetkovic D, Cosic I. · 2009
Researchers tested whether a series of extremely low frequency magnetic field exposures at 50, 16.66, 13, 10, 8.33, and 4 Hz could alter relative power within corresponding brainwave bands. Thirty-three human subjects were tested under double-blind and counter-balanced conditions. Narrow alpha1 and alpha2 bands were significantly lower than control over temporal and parietal regions during the first exposure session, then significantly higher than control during the second session. The beta1 band showed a significant increase from before to after the 13 Hz first exposure session at the frontal region.
Zmyslony M, Rajkowska E, Mamrot P, Politanski P, Jajte J · 2004
Researchers tested whether weak 50 Hz magnetic fields affect the number of free oxygen radicals in rat lymphocytes in vitro. Rat lymphocytes were exposed for one hour to 50 Hz magnetic fields at 20, 40, or 200 μT, with the field axis either along or crosswise to Earth's static magnetic field. Only at 40 μT, when the field was directed along Earth's static magnetic field, was there a decrease in fluorescence compared to non-exposed samples.
Calcabrini C et al. · 2017
Researchers investigated whether ELF-EMF exposure causes significant cell damage in human keratinocytes, to support potential ELF-EMF use in regenerative medicine for skin injuries. Reactive oxygen species production was evaluated in human keratinocytes exposed for 1 H to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at field strengths from 0.25 to 2 G, and significant ROS increases resulted at 0.5 and 1 G. All significant alterations observed in the first 4 H of exposure reverted to controls 24 H after, and the exposure did not have a cytotoxic effect.
Mannerling AC, Simkó M, Mild KH, Mattsson MO · 2010
Researchers exposed human K562 leukemia cells to a 50-Hz sine-wave magnetic field for 1 hour at flux densities ranging from 0.025 to 0.10 mT, measuring proliferation, cell cycle distribution, superoxide radical anion levels, and HSP70 protein levels. Both vertical and horizontal exposures caused significantly and transiently increased HSP70 levels of more than twofold at several flux densities, compared to sham controls and also compared to a heat-treatment positive control. Superoxide radical anion levels increased by 30–40%, and adding free radical scavengers melatonin or 1,10-phenantroline inhibited the magnetic-field-induced increase in HSP70. Cell cycle kinetics and proliferation were not affected by exposure at 0.10 mT for 1 hour.
Naarala J et al. · 2017
Researchers studied how the direction of combined static and extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields affected cell proliferation and superoxide radical production. Proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was stimulated by a nearly vertical 60 or 120 μT static magnetic field compared with cells that were shielded against magnetic fields. When the static field was combined with an extremely low frequency ELF field, proliferation was suppressed by a horizontal but not by a vertical ELF field.
Martino CF · 2011
Researchers investigated how low level fields (0.2–1 µT), 30 µT, and 120 µT static magnetic fields affected the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Reducing the magnetic field to low levels clearly inhibited proliferation, while small differences of 30 µT reduced endothelial cell numbers significantly. Adding the free radical scavenger superoxide dismutase suppressed the enhanced proliferation caused by 120 µT static magnetic fields, suggesting a free radical mechanism of interaction.
Fernie KJ, Bird DM. · 2001
Researchers investigated whether exposure to magnetic and electric fields similar to those from power lines induces an immune response and alters oxidative stress levels in American kestrels. Captive male kestrels were bred under control or EMF conditions equivalent to those experienced by wild kestrels. Short-term EMF exposure suppressed plasma total proteins, hematocrits, and carotenoids in the first half of the breeding season, and also suppressed erythrocyte cells and lymphocyte proportions while elevating granulosa proportions at the end of the breeding season. Long-term EMF exposure may be linked to higher levels of oxidative stress through EMF exposure only, and also suppressed hematocrits in the first half of the reproductive period.
Zmyślony M et al. · 2004
Lee D, Lee J, Lee I. · 2015
Researchers tracked the movement of 10 pairs of guppies and 15 pairs of zebrafish in a fish tank under a cell phone-generated RF EMF. Fish locomotion was observed under normal conditions, in the visual presence of a cell phone, after feeding, and under starvation. Fish locomotor behavior was random both in normal conditions and in the presence of an off-signaled cell phone, but there were significant changes in locomotion after feeding under the RF EMF. The researchers also demonstrated that temperature elevation caused by the cell phone was not relevant to the observed effects.
Unknown authors · 1968
Chizhenkova RA · 1967
Maes A, Anthonissen R, Wambacq S, Simons K, Verschaeve L. · 2016
Researchers conducted an in vitro cytogenetic laboratory investigation to explore a possible association between extremely low frequency magnetic fields and Alzheimer's disease risk. The study found that 50 Hz ELF-MF increased the frequency of cells with large micronuclei and nuclear buds, suggesting that fields above 50 μT may induce chromosome instabilities like those found in Alzheimer's disease patients. The researchers noted that results from other published experimental studies on ELF-MF and Alzheimer's disease are described as rather reassuring.
Manikonda PK et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to extremely low frequency magnetic fields at 50 Hz, at intensities of 50 and 100 µT, for 90 days continuously. The hippocampal, cerebellar and cortical regions of the brain were analyzed for reactive oxygen species, markers of oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes. Compared with control rats, exposed rats showed oxidative stress and altered glutathione levels in a dose-dependent manner across all brain regions.
Manikonda PK et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed young rats to 50 Hz magnetic fields from power lines for 90 days and found significant brain damage from oxidative stress. Higher magnetic field levels caused more harm across multiple brain regions, including areas controlling memory and movement, suggesting potential neurological effects.
Calabrò E et al. · 2013
Researchers used SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as an experimental model to study the effects of a 50 Hz electromagnetic field in the range from 50 µT to 1.4 mT. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed a reduction in intensity of the amide A band and a slight increase of vibration bands corresponding to methylene groups. Exposure to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field higher than 0.8 mT was associated with a significant reduction of cell viability and reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
Manikonda PK et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed young rats to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (the type from power lines and appliances) for 90 days and found significant oxidative stress damage in their brains. The damage was dose-dependent, meaning higher field strengths caused more harm, and affected different brain regions differently. This suggests that chronic exposure to these common magnetic fields may damage brain cells by overwhelming the body's natural antioxidant defenses.
Calabrò E et al. · 2013
Italian researchers exposed human brain cells to 50 Hz magnetic fields (European power frequency) and found exposures above 0.8 milliTesla damaged cellular energy systems and altered protein structures. This demonstrates measurable biological harm from power-frequency magnetic fields at levels found in some occupational environments.
Manikonda PK et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed young rats to magnetic fields from power lines for 90 days, then examined their brain tissue. The exposure disrupted calcium signaling and reduced NMDA receptor function in the hippocampus, suggesting power line magnetic fields could interfere with learning and memory development.
Manikonda PK et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed rats to 50 Hz magnetic fields at 50 and 100 μT intensities for 90 days and then examined hippocampal tissue. Compared to controls, ELF exposure was associated with increased intracellular calcium levels and changes in the activity of several calcium-related enzymes. Binding to NMDA receptors was also found to be decreased in exposed rats. The researchers suggested that perturbed neuronal functions caused by ELF exposure may involve altered calcium signaling contributing to aberrant NMDA receptor activities.
T.T. · 1990
Researchers reviewed biological effects of static magnetic fields and found no specific target organ for deleterious effects at present. A documented effect is the induction of electrical potentials in major arteries during exposure, with 60 mT producing a 1 mV potential in the human aorta. Pacemaker reed switches can close at 1.7 mT, so wearers should be excluded from fields exceeding 1.0 mT.
J. W. Schereschewsky · 1933
De Nicola M et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed U937 cells to static magnetic fields at 6 mT and found a strong increase of reactive oxygen species and a decrease of glutathione levels after 2 hours of exposure. Extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields also affected intracellular glutathione, starting from a threshold at 0.09 mT. ELF magnetic fields protected U937 from apoptosis, but this ability was limited to the ELF intensities able to alter redox equilibrium. When the cells' redox state was artificially altered, magnetic fields failed to affect apoptosis, suggesting a correct intracellular redox state is required for the antiapoptotic effect.
F. A. Kolodub, G. I. Yevtushenko · 1972
This 1972 Soviet research investigated how low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields affect biochemical processes in rodents, focusing on carbohydrate and energy metabolism. The study represents early scientific recognition that EMF exposure could alter fundamental cellular processes. This work helped establish that electromagnetic fields can produce measurable biological effects at the molecular level.
Höytö A, Herrala M, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. · 2017
Researchers exposed human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to a 50 Hz, 100 μT magnetic field with or without a non-phototoxic level of blue light for 24 hours. The magnetic field increased cytosolic superoxide production, while blue light suppressed that effect. Mitochondrial superoxide production was reduced by both the magnetic field and blue light, but these effects were not additive. Micronucleus frequency was not affected by blue light or the magnetic field alone, but blue light, significantly when combined with the magnetic field, enhanced menadione-induced micronuclei.
Samiee F, Samiee K. · 2017
Researchers examined how extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure at 50 Hz affected brain tissue in Cyprinus carpio, a common carp species from the Caspian Sea. A total of 200 healthy fish were divided into a sham-exposed group and an experimental group exposed to five different magnetic field intensities (0.1, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mT) at two different exposure times (0.5 and 1 h). Exposure caused severe histopathological changes in the brain at field intensities of 3 mT or higher, leading to brain necrosis, with field intensity and duration of exposure identified as key parameters in causing lesions.
