Gos P, Eicher B, Kohli J, Heyer WD · 2000
Researchers exposed actively growing and resting yeast cells to 900 MHz fields at specific absorption rates of 0.13 and 1.3 W/kg. Assays measured forward mutation rates at CAN1, petite clone formation, intrachromosomal deletion formation, and intragenic recombination in the ADE2 gene. Fields were also tested in combination with the alkylating agent methyl methansulfonate to assess whether they could enhance genotoxic damage. Fluctuation tests failed to detect any significant effect on any of these measures, in the absence or presence of methyl methansulfonate.
Gandhi OP, Lazzi G, Tinniswood A, Yu QS, · 1999
Researchers compared numerical and experimental methods for determining SAR and radiation patterns of handheld wireless telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz. Peak 1-g SARs ranged from 0.13 to 5.41 W/kg, yet agreement between calculated and measured data was generally within plus or minus 20%. The study noted that for a maximum radiated power of 600 mW at 800/900 MHz, peak 1-g SARs can be higher than 1.6 W/kg unless antennas are carefully designed and placed further away from the head.
Sokolovic D et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to microwave radiation from a mobile test phone for 20, 40, and 60 days to evaluate oxidative stress in brain tissue and whether melatonin could reduce it. Exposure led to a significant increase in malondialdehyde and carbonyl group concentrations in brain tissue, along with decreased catalase activity and increased xanthine oxidase activity. Melatonin treatment significantly prevented the rise in MDA content and xanthine oxidase activity after 40 days of exposure, but was unable to prevent the decrease in catalase activity or the increase in carbonyl group content.
Chauhan P, Verma HN, Sisodia R, Kesari KK. · 2017
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at a power density of 0.2 mW/cm2 for 2 hours a day for 35 days, then examined brain, liver, kidney, testis, and spleen. Significantly high levels of lipid peroxide were found in the liver (p < 0.001), brain (p < 0.004), and spleen (p < 0.006) of exposed rats. Histological changes were also observed in the brain, liver, testis, kidney, and spleen after whole-body microwave exposure, compared to the control group.
Meena R, Kumari K, Kumar J, Rajamani P, Verma HN, Kesari KK · 2014
Researchers exposed male rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) for 2 hours daily over 45 days, finding significant damage to sperm production and testosterone levels. Melatonin supplements prevented most reproductive harm, suggesting microwave radiation threatens male fertility but antioxidants may offer protection.
Meena R, Kumari K, Kumar J, Rajamani P, Verma HN, Kesari KK. · 2014
Researchers divided 70-day-old male Wistar rats into four groups: sham exposed, melatonin treated, microwave exposed, and microwave plus melatonin treated. Exposure took place in Plexiglas cages for 2 hours a day for 45 days at a power density of 0.21 mW/cm2 and a SAR of 0.14 W/Kg. Melatonin was associated with a significant increase in testicular LDH-X and decreased levels of MDA and ROS in the testes. The researchers concluded that melatonin has strong antioxidative potential against microwave-induced oxidative stress mediated DNA damage in testicular cells.
Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. · 2012
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz frequency microwave radiation for 2 h a day for 45 days, with a whole body specific absorption rate estimated to be 0.14 W/kg. Pineal melatonin levels were significantly lower in the exposed group compared with the sham-exposed group. Creatine kinase, caspase 3, and calcium ion concentration were all significantly higher in the whole brain of the exposed animals.
de Gannes FP et al. · 2009
In the study, 16 Fischer 344 rats (14 weeks old) were exposed head-only to the GSM-900 signal for 2 h at various brain-averaged SARs (0, 0.14 and 2.0 W/kg) or were used as cage or positive controls. Albumin leakage and neuron degeneration were evaluated 14 and 50 days after exposure. No statistically significant albumin leakage was observed. Neuronal degeneration assessed using cresyl violet or Fluoro-Jade B was not significantly different among the tested groups. No apoptotic neurons were found 14 days after the last exposure using the TUNEL method.
Dasdag et al. · 1999
Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN. · 2018
Researchers exposed cultured mouse spermatogonial GC1 and spermatocyte GC2 cell lines, as well as cauda epididymal spermatozoa, to continuous wave RF-EMR at 1.8 GHz at 0.15 and 1.5 W/kg. A 4-hour exposure increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in GC1 cells (7 vs. 18%; p < 0.001) and GC2 cells (11.5 vs. 16%; p < 0.01), with Complex III of the electron transport chain identified as the potential source. Exposure at 0.15 W/kg for 3 hours induced significant DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa (p < 0.05), though this was no longer significant after 4 hours. After 4 hours of exposure, spermatozoa showed significant oxidative DNA damage in the form of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (p < 0.05) and a decline in sperm motility (p < 0.05).
Manta AK et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed fruit flies to mobile phone radiation for just 30 minutes and found it triggered a cascade of harmful cellular changes in their ovaries. The exposure increased damaging molecules called reactive oxygen species by 60%, altered the activity of 168 genes, and doubled the rate of cell death within hours. This demonstrates that brief mobile phone exposure can disrupt fundamental biological processes at the cellular level.
Manta AK et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed four-day-old adult female Drosophila melanogaster to mobile-phone radiation for 30 minutes at a SAR of 0.15 W/kg and a SAE of 270 J/kg. Reactive oxygen species levels in follicles of pre-choriogenic stages were found to increase by 1.6-fold immediately after the end of exposure. Sporadically generated apoptotic follicles showed an averaged 2-fold upregulation in their sub-population mass, 4 hours after irradiation. Microarray analysis revealed 168 genes being differentially expressed 2 hours after exposure, associated with processes such as basic metabolism, stress response, and apoptotic death.
Manta AK et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed fruit flies to mobile phone radiation for 30 minutes. The radiation increased harmful molecules by 60%, altered 168 genes within 2 hours, and triggered cell death in reproductive organs within 4 hours, showing cellular damage from brief phone exposure.
Zeni O et al. · 2012
When lymphocytes from six donors were pre-exposed to RF at 0.3W/kg SAR and then treated with MMC, these cells showed a significant reduction in the frequency of MN compared with cells treated with MMC alone, indicating adaptive response. An earlier study found that lymphocytes stimulated for 24h, exposed for 20h to a 900MHz RF GSM signal at 1.25W/kg SAR and then treated with 100ng/ml MMC also exhibited adaptive response. In the current study, cells from nine healthy human volunteers were stimulated for 24h with phytohaemagglutinin, exposed for 20h to a 1950MHz RF UMTS signal at SARs of 1.25, 0.6, 0.3, and 0.15W/kg, then treated at 48h with 100ng/ml mitomycin C, and micronuclei frequency was recorded at 72h using the cytokinesis-block method.
Chou CK, Guy AW, Kunz LL, Johnson RB, Crowley JJ, Krupp JH · 1992
Two hundred male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned in equal numbers to radiation-exposure and sham-exposure conditions, with exposure beginning at 8 weeks of age and continuing daily for 25 months. The experimental rats were exposed to 2,450-MHz pulsed microwaves at 800 pps with a 10-microseconds pulse width, square-wave modulated at 8-Hz. Blood samples were analyzed at regular intervals for serum chemistries, hematological values, protein electrophoretic patterns, thyroxine, and plasma corticosterone levels.
Dasdag S; Akdag MZ; Ayy ld z O et al. · 2000
Researchers studied the effects of microwaves emitted by cellular phones on peripheral blood parameters and birth weights of rats. The birth weight of offspring in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the sham-exposed group (p < 0.001). No blood parameters differed following exposure, and rectal temperatures showed no significant differences between groups. All parameters investigated were normal in the next generation of rats.
Grigoriev YG et al. · 2010
Researchers replicated earlier Soviet studies from 1974 to 1991 that had examined immunological and reproductive effects of long-term low-level radiofrequency exposure in rats. Wistar rats were exposed in the far field to 2450 MHz continuous wave RF fields at an incident power density of 5 W/m² for 7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a total of 30 days, resulting in a whole-body SAR of 0.16 W/kg. The results partly confirmed the earlier findings and indicated possible effects from non-thermal RF exposure on autoimmune processes. A separate part of the study suggested possible adverse effects of blood serum from exposed rats on pregnancy and foetal development of intact rats, though the researchers noted that applying these results to exposure standards is limited.
de Gannes FP et al. · 2009
The study aimed to confirm earlier Russian and Ukrainian data on 2450 MHz microwave effects on immunological processes and teratology in rats. All results using ELISA and classic teratology end points were negative. The researchers concluded that exposure at 2450 MHz, CW, 7h/day for 30 days at 0.16 W/kg whole-body SAR had no influence on several immune and degenerative parameters or prenatal development.
Anderson LE et al. · 2004
Researchers set out to determine whether long-term exposure to a 1.6 GHz radiofrequency field would affect cancer incidence in Fischer 344 rats. Offspring were exposed to near-field radiofrequency signals at brain SAR levels of 1.6 W/kg or 0.16 W/kg for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, from about 36 days old until they were 2 years old. No statistically significant differences were found among treatment groups for neoplastic lesions or other clinical signs.
Stagg RB et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed tube-restrained Fischer 344 rats to pulse-modulated 1.6 GHz Iridium cell phone fields at brain SARs of 0.16, 1.6 and 5 W/ kg for 2 hours. Core body temperature increased transiently by about 0.3 degrees C during the first 30 minutes of loose-tube restraint in conditioned animals. Immobilization alone caused a nearly 10-fold rise in ACTH and corticosterone in conditioned rats, and non-conditioned rats showed 3-10-fold higher hormone levels at 120 minutes. RF exposure did not change core body temperature, corticosterone, ACTH, or brain Odc, Fos, Jun mRNA compared with sham-exposed immobilized animals. The authors concluded that the pulse-modulated digital Iridium RF field at SARs up to 5 W/kg is incapable of altering these stress-related responses.
Urban, P, Lukas, E, Roth, Z · 1998
Researchers performed a pilot study of acute exposure to a GSM mobile phone using visual evoked potentials as a marker of central nervous system dysfunction. No statistically significant influence on VEP latencies or amplitudes was observed.
Kumar A, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kaur S, Kohli RK. · 2015
After 7 days, exposure for 4 h caused significant growth and biochemical alterations. Root and coleoptile length were reduced, with coleoptile length showing a 23 % reduction after 4 h exposure. Photosynthetic pigments and total carbohydrates declined by 13 and 18 %, while α- and β-amylase activities increased by ∼92 and 94 % after 4 h exposure. Acid invertase and alkaline invertase activities increased by 88 and 266 %, whereas phosphatase activities rose up to 2 h then declined after longer exposure.
Fragopoulou AF et al. · 2012
Researchers investigated the effects of two sources of electromagnetic fields on the proteome of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and frontal lobe in Balb/c mice following long-term whole body irradiation. Across both exposure types, 143 proteins showed significantly altered expression, ranging from as low as 0.003 fold downregulation up to 114 fold overexpression. The altered proteins included neural function related proteins, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and proteins of brain metabolism across nearly all brain regions studied.
Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B · 2012
Researchers exposed male rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 2 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 10 months, then measured beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde levels were found to be higher in the brains of exposed rats. Only the increase in protein carbonyl was statistically significant (p < 0.001).
Fragopoulou AF et al. · 2012
Greek researchers exposed mice to cell phone and cordless phone radiation for 8 months and found that both sources significantly altered the expression of 143 brain proteins. The changes affected proteins involved in brain function, stress response, and cell structure across three different brain regions. These protein changes may explain common symptoms like headaches, sleep problems, and memory issues that people report with long-term wireless device use.
