Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ulukaya E, Uzunlar AK, Ocak AR · 2009
The study used 31 Wistar Albino adult male rats, with the exposed group having their heads placed in a carousel and exposed to 900 MHz microwave radiation for 2 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 10 months. The apoptosis score in exposed rats was significantly lower than in both the sham group and the cage control group. Total antioxidant capacity and catalase were higher in the exposed group than in the sham group, while the oxidative stress index showed no significant difference between those groups. The protein p53 was not significantly changed by the exposure.
Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. · 2014
Researchers exposed mice to 10 GHz microwave radiation for two hours daily over 30 days, then tested their memory using a water maze. Exposed mice took significantly longer to learn and remember locations, suggesting microwave exposure may impair memory formation and learning ability.
Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK · 2013
Researchers exposed Swiss albino mice to 10 GHz microwaves at a power density of 0.25 mW/cm2 for 2 hours per day for 30 days, then tested spatial memory using the Morris water maze test. Exposed mice showed statistically significant higher mean latency to reach the target quadrant compared to sham-exposed mice. A decrease in protein levels was also estimated in the whole brain of exposed mice compared to sham-exposed mice.
Spichtig S, Scholkmann F, Chin L, Lehmann H, Wolf M · 2012
Swiss researchers measured brain blood flow in 16 people exposed to 3G cell phone radiation. They found that even low-level exposure (0.18 W/kg) changed brain circulation patterns, while higher levels increased heart rate. These effects occurred at radiation levels considered safe by current standards.
Spichtig S, Scholkmann F, Chin L, Lehmann H, Wolf M · 2012
Researchers used near-infrared spectroscopy to assess potential effects of UMTS electromagnetic fields on blood circulation in the auditory region of the human head. Three different exposures (sham, 0.18 W/kg, and 1.8 W/kg) were applied in a controlled, randomized, crossover, and double-blind paradigm on 16 healthy volunteers. During exposure to 0.18 W/kg, a significant short-term increase in oxyhaemoglobin and total haemoglobin was found, described as small compared to a functional brain activation. Medium-term heart rate was significantly higher (+1.84 bpm) at 1.8 W/kg than for sham exposure, while the other parameters showed no significant effects.
Dabrowski MP et al. · 2003
Researchers exposed immune cells from 16 healthy people to low-level cell phone radiation (1300 MHz) and found significant changes in immune system function. The radiation increased production of inflammatory molecules (IL-1β and IL-10) while decreasing protective factors, essentially pushing the immune system toward a more inflammatory state. These changes occurred at radiation levels similar to what you might experience from cell phone use.
Dabrowski MP et al. · 2003
Researchers exposed cultured human blood mononuclear cells isolated from 16 healthy donors to 1300 MHz pulse-modulated microwaves at a power density of 10 W/m2 and a SAR of 0.18 W/kg. Lymphocyte proliferative responses and IL-2 receptor saturation did not change, though lymphocyte production of IL-10 increased (P < .001). Monocyte production of IL-1β increased significantly (P < .01), the concentration of its antagonist IL-1ra dropped by half (P < .01), and TNF-α remained unchanged. The researchers concluded that pulse-modulated microwaves represent the potential of immunotropic influence, stimulating preferentially the immunogenic and proinflammatory activity of monocytes at relatively low levels of exposure.
McNamee JP et al. · 2016
Adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated or continuous-wave radiofrequency fields for 4 hours per day over 5 days at specific absorption rates of 0, 0.2, and 1.4 W/kg. Total RNA was isolated from the auditory cortex, amygdala, caudate, cerebellum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and medial prefrontal cortex and gene expression was analyzed using Illumina MouseWG-6 (v2) BeadChip arrays. When controlling the false discovery rate, no differentially expressed genes were identified in any brain region compared to sham controls. Some genes showed differences without multiple-comparison correction, but no consistent pattern emerged across exposure levels or modulations.
Söderqvist F, Carlberg M, Hardell L · 2015
Researchers conducted a single-blinded randomized counterbalanced study with 24 healthy subjects aged 18–30 years who underwent three exposure conditions. The study tested whether microwaves from an 890-MHz phone-like signal at SAR10G of 2 W/kg and 0.2 W/kg versus sham gave acute effects on brain-shielding barriers using blood serum biomarkers. Over time, statistically significant variations were found for TTR and β-trace protein, but no difference was found between exposure conditions and no interaction between exposure condition and time of blood sampling. The study concluded it failed to show any acute clinically or statistically significant effect of short-term microwave exposure on serum levels of S100β, TTR, and β-trace protein with follow-up limited to two hours.
Waldmann P et al. · 2013
Researchers investigated whether GSM 1,800 MHz radiofrequency fields cause genotoxic effects in human lymphocytes. Blood from 20 healthy volunteers was exposed to three specific absorption rates of 0.2, 2, and 10 W/kg and sham for 28 hours. Four genotoxicity tests were conducted, including chromosome aberration, micronucleus, sister chromatid exchange, and comet assays. None of the nine endpoints showed a significant and reproducible exposure effect across the three analyzing laboratories. Positive controls showed highly significant differences from sham exposures, validating the study methods.
Lu Y et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz pulsed microwave irradiation at a power density of 1 mW/cm2 for 3 hours per day for up to 30 days. Microwave exposure induced spatial learning and memory impairments in rats, and reduced hippocampal glucose uptake in the absence or presence of insulin. Blood glucose and insulin levels were not affected, but spatial memory deficits were reversed by systemic glucose treatment.
Hirose H et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed primary microglial cell cultures from neonatal rats to 1950 MHz W-CDMA RF fields at SARs of 0.2, 0.8, and 2.0 W/kg for 2 hours. The percentage of MHC class II positive cells, a marker of microglial activation, was similar between exposed and sham-exposed groups. No statistically significant differences were observed in MHC class II positive cells across any RF exposure group compared to sham controls. Cytokine production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 also showed no remarkable differences between exposed and sham groups.
Hirose H et al. · 2010
Japanese researchers exposed rat brain immune cells called microglia to 1950 MHz cell phone radiation for 2 hours at various power levels, then monitored the cells for signs of activation or inflammation. They found no significant differences between exposed and unexposed cells in terms of immune markers or inflammatory proteins. This suggests that short-term exposure to 3G cell phone frequencies at typical power levels does not trigger immune responses in brain cells.
Regel SJ et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed the heads of 15 healthy male subjects for 30 min prior to sleep to a pulse-modulated EMF signal at different intensities or a sham condition, in a double-blind, crossover design. The active exposure levels used peak spatial specific absorption rates of 0.2 W kg–1 and 5 W kg–1. Sleep EEG analysis showed a dose-dependent increase of power in the spindle frequency range in non-REM sleep, while sleep architecture was not affected. Reaction speed slowed with increasing field intensity in the 1-back task, but accuracy in the CRT and N-back tasks was not affected in a dose-dependent manner.
Regel SJ et al. · 2007
Swiss researchers exposed 15 men to cell phone radiation at varying intensities before sleep. Stronger radiation caused measurable changes in brain waves during sleep and slowed reaction times. This study provides evidence that EMF exposure affects brain function proportionally to radiation intensity.
Klug S, Hetscher M, Giles S, Kohlsmann S, Kramer K, · 1997
Researchers exposed 9.5-day-old rat embryos for up to 36 hours to radiofrequency electric and magnetic fields with modulation frequencies of 16, 60, and 120 Hz. The exposure included electric field strengths of 60 and 600 V/m, magnetic inductions of 0.2 and 2.0 microtesla, and specific absorption rates of 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 W/kg. Neither the electric nor the magnetic fields interfered significantly with normal embryo growth and differentiation when assessed on day 11.5 using a scoring system, photographs, histology, and protein content.
Phelan AM, Lange DG, Kues HA, Lutty GA · 1992
Researchers exposed B16 melanoma cells to 2.45-GHz pulsed microwaves at 10 mW/cm² for 1 hour and measured membrane ordering using electron paramagnetic resonance. The exposure shifted the cell membrane from a more fluid-like phase to a more solid, ordered state. Similar membrane ordering occurred in melanin-reconstituted liposomes, but not in amelanotic cells or liposomes without melanin. Superoxide dismutase inhibited the microwave-induced ordering, implicating oxygen radicals as a cause.
Esmekaya MA et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the mutagenic and morphologic effects of 1.8GHz GSM radiofrequency radiation, alone and combined with Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) pre-treatment, in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using Sister Chromatid Exchange and electron microscopy. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in Sister Chromatid Exchange frequency in RF-exposed lymphocytes compared to sham controls. RF radiation also inhibited cell viability in a time-dependent manner, and EGb 761 pre-treatment significantly increased cell viability at 8 and 24 hours compared to RF-exposed groups alone.
Faraone et al. · 2006
Unknown authors
Ntzouni MP, Stamatakis A, Stylianopoulou F, Margaritis LH · 2011
Greek researchers exposed mice to mobile phone radiation at levels similar to what humans experience during phone calls (SAR 0.22 W/kg) and tested their ability to recognize objects they had seen before. The study found that chronic exposure for 17 days significantly impaired the mice's short-term memory, particularly during the critical period when memories are being consolidated and stored in the brain. This suggests that mobile phone radiation may interfere with the brain's ability to form and retain new memories.
Ntzouni MP, Stamatakis A, Stylianopoulou F, Margaritis LH. · 2011
Researchers studied the effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on a non-spatial memory task called the Object Recognition Task in mice. Three groups of mice were tested under three different radiation exposure protocols, with a SAR value of 0.22 W/kg. Results revealed a major effect on the "chronic exposure-I" protocol, suggesting a possible severe interaction of EMF with the consolidation phase of recognition memory processes.
Chen L, Qin F, Chen Y, Sun J, Tong J. · 2014
Kwon MS et al. · 2011
Researchers used positron emission tomography with an 18F-deoxyglucose tracer to investigate the effects of mobile phone radiation on cerebral glucose metabolism in humans. Thirteen young right-handed male subjects were exposed to a pulse-modulated 902.4 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications signal for 33 minutes while performing a simple visual vigilance task. The relative cerebral metabolic rate of glucose was significantly reduced in the temporoparietal junction and anterior temporal lobe of the right hemisphere, on the same side as the exposure. The exposure did not affect task performance, measured by reaction time and error rate.
Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Kuzay D, Ozer C, Seyhan N. · 2015
The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between micronuclei frequency and RF radiation in exfoliated bladder cells of diabetic and non-diabetic rats using three groups of six animals each. The RF exposure was 2100 MHz with a whole-body average SAR of 0.24 W/kg and an ERMS field of 17.5 V/m at non-thermal levels. No statistically significant differences in micronuclei frequency were found between any of the groups, including between RF-exposed diabetic rats and non-exposed diabetic rats, and between RF-exposed diabetic rats and non-diabetic controls. The authors concluded that the study suggested no possible genotoxic effects of RF radiation in humans, especially those with chronic disorders such as diabetes.
