Terro F et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed cultured cerebral cortical cells to GSM-900MHz at 0.25W/kg for 24 h using a wire-patch cell. Exposure caused a ~0.5°C temperature rise but did not induce apoptosis. HSC70 increased by 26% and HSP90 decreased slightly (<10%). α-synuclein decreased by 24% without changes in active lysosome localization, indicating independence from CMA. Similar effects were seen when cells were incubated at 37.5°C, suggesting the changes were due to temperature rise.
Bourthoumieu S et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed human amniotic cells to GSM-900 radiofrequency fields for 24 hours at SARs of 0.25, 1, 2, and 4 W/kg. They measured p53 protein expression and phosphorylation at serine 15 and 37 using Western blot after three independent exposures from three donors. No significant changes in p53 expression or activation were found at any of the tested SARs up to 4 W/kg in human embryonic cells. Bleomycin-exposed cells served as a positive control.
Akar A et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed adult male Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at a SAR of 0.25 W/kg for 2 hours each day for 21 days and then measured corneal thickness using histological and stereological methods. Overall corneal thickness was 278.9 ± 54.5 μm in the control group and 272.4 ± 85.6 μm in the study group, with no statistically significant difference between groups. Anterior corneal epithelium thickness was 28.1 ± 4.9 μm in the control group and 31.7 ± 5.5 μm in the exposed group, a statistically significant difference. The researchers concluded that exposure to microwave radiation might cause alterations in the rat cornea.
Bourthoumieu S et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the potential induction of genomic instability by GSM-900 MHz radiofrequency radiation in human amniotic cells exposed for 24 h to average-specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.25, 1, 2 and 4 W/kg. The rate of aneuploidy of chromosomes 11 and 17 was determined by interphase FISH immediately after independent exposure of three different donors for 24 h. No significant change in the rate of aneuploidy of chromosomes 11 and 17 was found at average SAR up to 4 W/kg.
Dragicevic N et al. · 2011
Researchers evaluated brain mitochondrial function in aged Alzheimer's transgenic mice and normal littermates following one month of daily EMF exposure. In the transgenic mice, EMF treatment enhanced brain mitochondrial function by 50-150% across six established measures, with the greatest effects in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. EMF treatment also increased brain mitochondrial function in normal aged mice, though the enhancement was not as robust or widespread as in the transgenic mice. The researchers suggested that brain mitochondrial enhancement may be a primary mechanism through which EMF treatment provides cognitive benefit to both transgenic and normal mice.
Arendash GW et al. · 2010
Researchers studied the effects of long-term EMF exposure at 918 MHz and 0.25 w/kg on both normal mice and transgenic mice bred to develop Alzheimer's-like cognitive impairment. Both cognitive-protective and cognitive-enhancing effects of EMF exposure were discovered for both normal mice and transgenic mice destined to develop Alzheimer's-like cognitive impairment. In Alzheimer's disease mice, long-term EMF exposure reduced brain amyloid-beta deposition through anti-aggregation actions and increased brain temperature during exposure periods. The researchers concluded that EMF exposure may represent a non-invasive, non-pharmacologic therapeutic against Alzheimer's disease, while cautioning against directly extrapolating these mouse findings to humans.
Arendash GW et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed mice to cell phone-level radiation (918 MHz) and found it improved memory and reduced Alzheimer's-related brain deposits in both normal and Alzheimer's mice. While promising for potential treatments, these mouse results require extensive human studies before any clinical applications.
Bourthoumieu S et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed human amniotic cells to GSM-900 MHz radiofrequency radiation at an average SAR of 0.25 W/kg for 24 hours. Genotoxic effects were assessed immediately and 24 hours after exposure using R-banded karyotyping of 100 metaphase cells per assay across four samples. No direct cytogenetic effects were observed at either time point.
Joubert V, Leveque P, Cueille M, Bourthoumieu S, Yardin C. · 2007
Researchers exposed primary cultured neurons from embryonic Wistar rat cortices to a 900-MHz GSM field for 24 hours at 0.25 W/kg SAR. Apoptosis was measured immediately and 24 hours after exposure using DAPI staining, TUNEL/PI flow cytometry, and caspase-3 fluorimetry. No statistically significant difference in apoptosis rate was found between exposed and control neurons at either time point. All three assessment methods gave concordant results.
Joubert V, Leveque P, Cueille M, Bourthoumieu S, Yardin C. · 2007
French researchers exposed rat brain neurons to cell phone radiation (900 MHz GSM) for 24 hours at levels similar to phone use (0.25 W/kg SAR) to see if it would cause cell death (apoptosis). Using three different testing methods, they found no increase in neuron death compared to unexposed control cells. This suggests that short-term cell phone radiation exposure may not directly kill brain cells under these laboratory conditions.
Finnie JW et al. · 2002
The study was designed to examine the effect of long-term exposure to global system for mobile communication (GSM) radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in murine brains. Mice were given a 60-minute far-field, whole body exposure on each of 5 days per week for 104 weeks at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.25, 1.0,2.0 and 4.0 W/kg. In all exposed and control groups, albumin extravasation was minimal and was deemed insignificant.
Utteridge TD et al. · 2002
Researchers exposed 120 E-mu-Pim1 heterozygous mice and 120 wild-type mice to GSM-modulated 898.4 MHz radiation at SARs of 0.25, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 W/kg for 1 hour per day, 5 days per week, for up to 104 weeks. Sham-exposed groups of 120 heterozygous and 120 wild-type mice and an unrestrained negative control group were included. No significant difference in lymphoma incidence was found between exposed and sham-exposed groups at any exposure level. No dose-response effect was detected.
Tsurita G, Nagawa H, Ueno S, Watanabe S, Taki M, · 2000
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 1439 MHz TDMA field. Exposure lasted one hour a day for two or four weeks. The study assessed blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebellar morphology, and body mass.
Higashikubo R et al. · 1999
Researchers exposed Fischer 344 rats implanted with 9L gliosarcoma cells to 835.62 MHz FMCW or 847.74 MHz CDMA fields with a nominal brain specific absorption rate of 0.75 +/- 0.25 W/kg. The animals were exposed for 4 hours a day, 5 days a week, starting 4 weeks before tumor implantation and continuing up to 150 days after. Sham-exposed rats injected with 2 to 10 cells had a median survival of 70 days with 27% surviving to 150 days; those with 11 to 36 cells had a median survival of 52 days and 14% final survival; those with 37 to 100 cells had a median survival of 45 days and 0% survival. Statistical comparison showed no significant differences in survival curves between RF-exposed and sham-exposed animals in any of the three cell-dose groups.
López-Martín E et al. · 2009
Researchers studied whether pulse-modulated GSM radiation had different effects on brain activity than an unmodulated signal of the same wavelength, and examined c-Fos expression in seizure-related brain circuits. Rats made seizure-prone with picrotoxin and then exposed to GSM radiation showed differences in clinical and EEG signs and in c-Fos expression compared with picrotoxin-treated rats exposed to unmodulated radiation. The most marked effects of GSM radiation on c-Fos expression in picrotoxin-treated rats were observed in limbic structures, olfactory cortex areas, subcortical areas, the dentate gyrus, and the central lateral nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar nucleus group. Neither radiation treatment caused tissue heating, so the researchers ruled out thermal effects.
Favre D · 2011
Researchers placed mobile phone handsets in the close vicinity of honeybees and recorded and analyzed the sounds the bees made. The audiograms and spectrograms revealed that active mobile phone handsets have a dramatic impact on the behavior of the bees, namely by inducing the worker piping signal. In natural conditions, worker piping either announces the swarming process of the bee colony or is a signal of a disturbed bee colony.
Razavinasab M, Moazzami K, Shabani M · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900 MHz pulsed-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day during gestation, then tested the offspring using behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological methods. Mobile phone exposure was associated with a decrease in the number of action potentials fired and an increase in the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization in exposed offspring compared with controls. Phone exposure significantly altered learning acquisition and memory retention in both male and female offspring rats compared with control rats. Light microscopy of brain sections showed normal morphology in both control and mobile phone-exposed rats.
Sannino A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes from four healthy donors to 1950 MHz radiofrequency fields at 0.3 W/kg for 20 hours, then challenged them with 1.0 or 1.5 Gy X-irradiation. After 72 hours of culture, they measured micronuclei incidence and found a significant decrease in micronuclei in cells exposed to both radiofrequency fields and X-rays compared to X-rays alone. The results suggested a radiofrequency-induced adaptive response and resistance to subsequent X-ray damage, though variability between donors was observed.
Zeni et al. · 2007
Researchers investigated whether 900 MHz RF radiation could induce reactive oxygen species in murine L929 fibrosarcoma cells, with or without co-exposure to MX, a potent environmental carcinogen produced during chlorination of drinking water. Both continuous-wave and GSM mobile phone signals were applied for 10 or 30 min at specific absorption rates of 0.3 and 1 W/kg. The study found no indication that RF-field exposure, alone or combined with MX, induced reactive oxygen species formation, while MX alone caused a statistically significant increase in reactive oxygen species for all the treatment durations investigated.
Kumlin T et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed young male Wistar rats to a 900 MHz mobile phone signal for 2 h/day on 5 days/week. After 5 weeks of exposure at whole-body average specific energy absorption rates of 0.3 or 3.0 W/kg or sham exposure, rats were assessed for behavioral and morphological changes. No degenerative changes, dying neurons, or effects on blood-brain barrier leakage were detected, and no group differences appeared in the open-field, plus maze, or acoustic startle response tests. In the water maze test, significantly improved learning and memory were detected in rats exposed to RF fields.
Zeni O et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed mouse cells to 900 MHz cell phone radiation for up to 30 minutes to test whether it creates harmful reactive oxygen species that damage cells. The study found no increase in these damaging molecules from RF exposure alone, suggesting this frequency may not cause oxidative cellular stress.
Heikkinen et al. · 2006
RF radiation did not significantly affect mortality or organ-specific tumor incidence. The only significant difference was an increase in vascular tumors of the mesenteric lymph nodes in the high-RF group, but this was attributed to an unusually low rate in the sham group. Non-neoplastic findings showed isolated significant differences in lacrimal glands, lungs, liver, and skin, considered unrelated to RF radiation. The authors concluded that the results do not support co-carcinogenic effects of low-level long-term RF radiation exposure in rats.
Verschaeve et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed female rats to mobile phone radiation (900 MHz) for 2 hours daily over 2 years, while also giving them a known cancer-causing chemical in their drinking water. They wanted to see if the radiation would make the chemical's DNA damage worse. The study found no evidence that the radiofrequency radiation enhanced the genetic damage caused by the toxic chemical.
Verschaeve L et al. · 2006
Researchers investigated combined genotoxic effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency fields and the drinking water mutagen MX in female rats over two years. MX induced DNA damage in rat brain but not in blood or liver cells. Co-exposure to RF fields and MX did not significantly increase DNA damage in blood, liver, or brain compared to MX alone. The study used alkaline comet assay and micronucleus tests on samples taken at multiple time points.
Zeni O et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood leukocytes from healthy volunteers to a 900 MHz GSM signal for 2 hours at SARs of 0.3 and 1 W/kg. DNA damage was assessed with the comet assay, chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges were measured in stimulated lymphocytes, and cell proliferation was evaluated via the mitotic index. No statistically significant differences were observed between exposed and sham-exposed samples for any of these endpoints, while positive controls showed the expected increases in DNA damage.
