Finnie JW, Cai Z, Manavis J, Helps S, Blumbergs PC. · 2010
Researchers exposed mice to cell phone radiation at 900 MHz for either one hour or repeatedly over two years, then examined their brains for signs of microglial activation (immune cells that respond to brain stress or damage). They found no evidence that either short-term or long-term radiofrequency exposure activated these immune cells, even though the same cells responded strongly when brain tissue was physically damaged. This suggests that cell phone radiation at these levels may not trigger the brain's stress response mechanisms.
Finnie JW, Chidlow G, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Cai Z.. · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for one hour daily throughout pregnancy to see if it caused stress in developing fetal brains. They measured heat shock proteins, which are biological markers that cells produce when under stress. The study found no evidence that the radiation caused stress responses in the fetal brain tissue, suggesting no detectable harm at the exposure levels tested.
Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J · 2009
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg for 60 minutes or for 5 days per week over 104 weeks. Control mice were sham-exposed or freely moving to account for restraint stress, and a positive control group received a clostridial toxin that upregulates aquaporin-4. No immunohistochemically detectable up-regulation of aquaporin-4 was observed in exposed mouse brains after either short or long exposure durations.
Finnie JW, Chidlow G, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Cai Z · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily throughout gestation. Fetal brains were examined for heat shock proteins HSP25, HSP32, and HSP70. No induction of HSP32 or HSP70 was found in any brains, and HSP25 expression was similar in exposed and control groups. The study concluded that whole-gestation exposure did not produce a stress response detectable by HSPs.
Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J. · 2009
Researchers exposed mice to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for either one hour or repeatedly over two years to see if it would damage the blood-brain barrier - the protective shield that keeps toxins out of the brain. They looked for increased levels of aquaporin-4, a protein that indicates barrier damage. The study found no changes in this protein after either short-term or long-term exposure, suggesting the blood-brain barrier remained intact.
Zhou ZD et al. · 2008
Human dendritic cells were exposed to intermittent EMF at 4 W/kg SAR for 1, 12, or 24 hours. Surface markers were analyzed by flow cytometry, allo-MLR by CCK-8 assay, and cytokine secretion by ELISA. After exposure, HLA-DR, CD80, CD86, and CD40 expression declined, while CD11c did not. Allo-MLR stimulation ability decreased significantly in all exposure groups, most markedly at 24 hours. Secreted IL-12p70 and TNF-alpha levels remained unchanged across exposure groups.
Wu W, Yao K, Wang KJ, Lu DQ, He JL, Xu LH, Sun WJ. · 2008
Researchers used the DCFH-DA method and comet assay to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage in cultured human lens epithelial cells exposed to 4 W/kg 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation or 2 muT electromagnetic noise, or both, for 24 hours intermittently. 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation at 4 W/kg for 24 hours significantly increased intracellular ROS and DNA damage (P<0.05). When electromagnetic noise was added alongside the mobile phone radiation, ROS levels and DNA damage were not significantly elevated compared to sham exposure (P>0.05).
Wu W, Yao K, Wang KJ, Lu DQ, He JL, Xu LH, Sun WJ. · 2008
Chinese researchers exposed human eye lens cells to cell phone radiation (1800 MHz) and found it caused DNA damage and increased harmful free radicals. However, when they added electromagnetic 'noise' fields alongside the phone radiation, this protective interference blocked the cellular damage. The study suggests that certain electromagnetic patterns might counteract the harmful effects of mobile phone radiation on eye cells.
Wu W, Yao K, Wang KJ, Lu DQ, He JL, Xu LH, Sun WJ. · 2008
Researchers exposed human eye lens cells to cell phone radiation at 4 watts per kilogram for 24 hours and found it caused significant DNA damage and increased harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species. However, when they added electromagnetic 'noise' (random magnetic fields) during the exposure, it completely blocked these harmful effects. This suggests that certain types of electromagnetic interference might actually protect cells from radiation damage.
Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. · 2006
Pregnant mice were exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily from gestational day 1 to day 19. Fetal brains were examined for albumin extravasation in multiple regions including cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, midbrain and medulla. No albumin extravasation was found in exposed or control brains, indicating no increase in vascular permeability.
Finnie JW, Cai Z, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. · 2006
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 900 MHz fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily from gestation day 1 to 19. Control mice were sham-exposed or freely mobile without restraint. Fetal brains were examined for c-fos expression in multiple regions using immunohistochemistry. No difference in c-fos immunoreactivity was found between exposed and control fetal brains.
Chang SK et al. · 2005
Researchers examined the biological effects of an 835-MHz EMF on bacterial reverse mutation (Ames assay) and DNA stability (in vitro DNA degradation) using tester strains exposed to a continuous waveform at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg for 48 h. In the presence of the EMF, some strains showed increased mutation rates with certain mutagens while others showed antimutagenic effects, but these effects were not significantly repeated in other relevant strains. Exposure to 835-MHz EMF did not change the rate of DNA degradation measured using plasmid pBluescript SK(+) as an indicator. The researchers concluded that 835-MHz EMF under the study conditions neither affected reverse mutation frequency nor accelerated DNA degradation in vitro.
Finnie JW. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields using a purpose-designed exposure system, giving each animal a single, far-field, whole body exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg. The study measured activation of the immediate early gene c-fos in mouse brain tissue after this acute exposure. Activation of c-fos in exposed and sham-exposed brains was comparable, but was greatly increased compared with freely moving controls. The results suggest that the majority of the acute genomic response detected by c-fos expression was due to immobilisation.
Finnie JW et al. · 2001
Researchers studied the effect of GSM radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in the mouse brain using an exposure system operating at 898.4 MHz. Mice were given a single whole-body exposure for 60 minutes at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg, while control mice were sham-exposed or permitted free movement in a cage. No significant difference in albumin extravasation was detected between any of the groups.
Sykes PJ, McCallum BD, Bangay MJ, Hooker AM, Morley AA. · 2001
Researchers studied the effect of pulsed 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation at 4 W/kg on somatic intrachromosomal recombination in the spleen of pKZ1 mice. Mice were exposed daily for 30 minutes to 900 MHz fields for 1, 5, or 25 days, and spleen sections were screened for DNA inversion events three days after the last exposure. There was no significant difference between control and treated groups in the 1- and 5-day exposure groups, but a significant reduction in inversions was found in the 25-day group.
Sykes PJ, McCallum BD, Bangay MJ, Hooker AM, Morley AA · 2001
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to cell phones) for up to 25 days to see if it affected DNA recombination in spleen cells. They found no effects after short exposures, but after 25 days of exposure, DNA recombination actually decreased below normal levels. While this wasn't the DNA damage scientists typically look for, it suggests RF radiation can alter how cells repair their DNA, though the health significance of this change remains unknown.
Mausset A, de Seze R, Montpeyroux F, Privat A · 2001
Researchers injected rats with gamma-vinyl-GABA to increase GABA levels and then used immunohistochemistry and image analysis to measure cerebellar GABA content. They exposed rats to 900 MHz pulsed radiofrequency at 4 W/kg SAR and continuous waves at 32 W/kg SAR. Pulsed exposure selectively reduced the stained processes area in the Purkinje cell layer, while continuous exposure decreased optical density in all three cell layers. The authors noted that it is unknown whether these effects are partly due to local tissue heating.
Quock RM, Klauenberg BJ, Hurt WD, Merritt JH · 1994
Researchers tested male mice in the staircase test after pretreatment with chlordiazepoxide at 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg and a 5-min exposure to microwave radiation at 4, 12, and 36 W/kg (1.8 or 4.7 GHz). In sham-irradiated mice, increasing CDP doses first increased steps ascended without affecting rears, then increased steps ascended and decreased rears, and finally decreased both measures. Microwave exposure did not alter steps ascended or rears at lower CDP doses, but at 32 mg/kg CDP, 36 W/kg microwave at 4.7 GHz significantly reversed the reductions in both measures.
Unknown authors · 1980
Parker JE, Kiel JL, Winters WD · 1988
Researchers exposed four rodent cell lines to 2450 MHz microwave radiation at a Specific Absorption Rate of 103.5 +/- 4.2 W/kg at temperatures of 37, 40, 42, and 45 degrees C. The researchers extracted mRNA from exposed and sham-exposed cells and used DNA probes of oncogenes, heat shock protein, or long terminal repeat sequences to look for differences in mRNA expression. With the cell lines and probes used, no significant differences in mRNA expression were observed after microwave exposure.
Vijayalaxmi et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed diluted peripheral blood from four healthy volunteers to 835.62 MHz RF radiation at SARs of 4.4 or 5.0 W/kg for 24 hours. Sham-exposed and gamma-irradiated (1.50 Gy) samples served as negative and positive controls, and lymphocytes were cultured for 48 or 72 hours to assess chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, mitotic indices, and binucleate cells. No significant differences were found between RF-exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes for any of the measured endpoints, while gamma radiation produced significantly different responses. The authors concluded there is no evidence for induction of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei under these exposure conditions.
Chen G, Lu D, Chiang H, Leszczynski D, Xu Z. · 2012
Researchers used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study how exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and radiofrequency EMF affects gene expression. Yeast cells were exposed for 6 hours to either 0.4 mT 50 Hz ELF-MF or 1800 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 4.7 W/kg. The study found no confirmed gene expression changes from ELF-MF exposure, and only the expressions of SMC3 and AQY2 were confirmed as responsive to RF-EMF.
Vijayalaxmi et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed peripheral blood samples from four healthy nonsmoking volunteers to 847.74 MHz CDMA radiation at SARs of 4.9 or 5.5 W/kg for 24 hours. Sham-exposed and gamma-irradiated (1.5 Gy) samples served as controls. No significant differences were found between RF-exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes in mitotic indices, frequencies of exchange aberrations, excess fragments, binucleate cells, or micronuclei. Gamma-irradiated lymphocytes showed significantly different responses for all indices compared to both RF-exposed and sham-exposed cells. The authors concluded there was no evidence for induction of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei under these exposure conditions.
Jeong YJ et al. · 2018
The aim of the study was to observe the impact of long-term RF-EMF on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in aging brains of C57BL/6 mice. Compared with young mice, aged mice showed significantly increased protein and lipid oxidative damage markers in the brain. Aged mice also had significantly elevated markers of DNA damage, apoptosis, astrocytes, and microglia. Long-term RF-EMF exposure did not change the levels of oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, astrocyte, or microglia markers in aged mouse brains. Long-term RF-EMF exposure also did not alter locomotor activity in aged mice.
Son Y et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed 5xFAD mice to 1950 MHz RF-EMF at 5 W/kg SAR for 2 hours daily, 5 days a week, for 3 months. They used Y-maze, Morris water maze, and novel object recognition tests to assess spatial and non-spatial memory. They also measured Aβ deposition, APP and CTFβ levels in hippocampus and cortex, and plasma Aβ peptides. The 3-month exposure did not affect Aβ-related memory impairment or Aβ accumulation.
