Donald L. Lambdin · 1978
This 1978 EPA technical report compared different methods for measuring electric fields and magnetic flux beneath extremely high voltage (EHV) power transmission lines. The research focused on evaluating measurement techniques rather than health effects, establishing standardized approaches for assessing electromagnetic field exposures from major power infrastructure.
R.M. Albrecht, E. Landau · 1978
This 1978 epidemiological assessment examined the growing use of microwave radiation across communications, industry, home ovens, and medical applications. The review highlighted significant differences between Eastern European safety standards (which recognized health effects at much lower exposure levels) and Western guidelines. The authors emphasized the critical need for human studies rather than relying solely on animal research, particularly to identify subtle mental health effects from prolonged microwave exposure.
R.M. Albrecht, E. Landau · 1978
This 1979 epidemiological assessment examined microwave radiation exposure patterns across different applications including communications, industrial uses, home ovens, and medical diathermy. The study highlighted significant discrepancies between Eastern and Western exposure standards, with Eastern European countries reporting adverse health effects at much lower levels than Western safety limits allowed.
S. M. Bawin, A. Sheppard, W. R. Adey · 1978
Researchers exposed chick and cat brain tissue to various electromagnetic fields and found that specific frequencies (6-12 Hz extremely low frequency fields and 147-450 MHz amplitude-modulated fields) significantly altered calcium movement in brain cells. The effects only occurred within narrow frequency and intensity windows, with calcium efflux decreasing by 12-15% for low frequencies and increasing by over 20% for certain modulated radiofrequencies.
Chung-Kwang Chou, Arthur W. Guy · 1978
Researchers exposed isolated nerve and muscle tissues from frogs, cats, rabbits, and rats to 2450 MHz microwave radiation at power levels ranging from 0.3 to 1500 W/kg. They found no changes in nerve function or muscle contraction during or after exposure. Any effects observed at high power levels were simply due to tissue heating, not direct electromagnetic field effects.
Lehmann et al. · 1978
Researchers tested two microwave diathermy applicators used for medical heating therapy on tissue models and human subjects. They measured how much stray radiation leaked from the devices at various distances and anatomical sites. Both applicators produced dangerous levels of stray radiation that exceeded proposed safety standards, particularly near sensitive areas like eyes and reproductive organs.
Mark Joseph Hagmann · 1978
This 1978 doctoral thesis developed numerical methods to calculate how electromagnetic energy is absorbed by the human body. The research created mathematical models to predict energy absorption patterns in human tissue when exposed to electromagnetic fields. This foundational work helped establish the scientific basis for understanding EMF exposure levels in humans.
Quirino Balzano, Oscar Garay, Francis R. Steel · 1978
Researchers tested how much radiofrequency energy from 800 MHz portable radios gets absorbed into human tissue by measuring temperature changes in simulated human heads. They found that different antenna designs create 'hot spots' about one inch below the skull's surface, with some antennas exposing the eye area to higher energy levels than others.
Hagmann J, Gandhi OP, D'Andrea JA, Chatterjee I · 1978
Researchers discovered that the human head acts like an antenna at 350 MHz microwave frequency, absorbing three times more energy than expected. This "head resonance" effect means the head region absorbs far more radiation than previously calculated when the whole body is considered, not just the isolated head.
Lawrence E. Larsen, John H. Jacobi · 1978
This 1978 technical study developed a microwave imaging system to examine biological targets using microwave radiation. Researchers used specialized antennas and scanning methods to create images of different materials, arguing that microwaves could reveal unique features in biological tissues that other imaging methods might miss.
H. Bassen, J. Sing · 1978
This 1978 technical paper describes a safety control system designed to protect workers in high-power RF and microwave research facilities. The system uses fail-safe detectors, warning lights, and automatic shutoffs to prevent accidental human exposure to dangerous radiation levels. This represents early recognition of RF radiation hazards in occupational settings.
M. F. Iskander, P. W. Barber, C. H. Durney, H. Massoudi · 1978
This 1978 study analyzed how electromagnetic radiation from short dipole antennas affects human-shaped models at close distances. Researchers found that radiation patterns and energy absorption rates (SAR) differ significantly from distant exposure, with higher energy densities occurring when the source is less than half a wavelength away from the body.
Stanley M. Neuder, Ph.D. · 1978
This 1978 government report by Dr. Stanley Neuder introduced fundamental principles of bioelectromagnetics dosimetry, focusing on how electromagnetic fields interact with biological tissues. The work established foundational methods for measuring and calculating EMF exposure levels in living organisms. This represents early scientific recognition that understanding EMF-biological interactions required standardized measurement approaches.
Stephen A. Kula, B.F. Miller, H.L. Enos · 1978
This 1978 study examined using microwave energy to remove feathers from chickens during poultry processing, testing 193 birds to find optimal power and timing combinations. Researchers found that microwave exposure could effectively loosen feathers without the water waste and contamination risks of traditional scalding methods. The study established that feather release success depends on the bird's weight, microwave power level, and exposure duration.
Hagmann J, Gandhi OP, D'Andrea JA, Chatterjee I · 1978
This 1978 study discovered that the human head acts like an antenna, resonating at 350 MHz microwave frequency and absorbing 3 times more radiation than previously thought. Researchers found that the whole body affects head absorption patterns, making isolated head models inaccurate for safety calculations.
QUIRINO BALZANO, OSCAR GARAY, FRANCIS R. STEEL · 1978
Researchers tested how much radiofrequency energy from 800 MHz portable radio transmitters gets absorbed into simulated human tissue, particularly near the head. They found that different antenna designs create "hot spots" about 1 inch below the temporal bone, with some antennas exposing the eye area to higher energy levels. The temperature increases were small enough that researchers concluded normal radio use shouldn't cause thermal tissue damage.
Unknown authors · 1978
This 1978 technical report from ANS examined methods for measuring potentially hazardous electromagnetic fields in the RF and microwave spectrum. The study focused on developing standardized measurement techniques for assessing electromagnetic field exposure levels that could pose health risks. This early work laid important groundwork for understanding how to properly evaluate EMF exposure in occupational and environmental settings.
Z. Glaser, R. Curtis · 1978
This 1978 technical report documented radiofrequency field intensity measurements at a commercial FM/TV broadcast tower in El Paso, Texas, focusing on occupational exposure levels for workers. The study represents early efforts to quantify RF exposure levels at broadcast facilities, which can emit extremely high power levels that may pose health risks to maintenance workers and nearby residents.
Unknown authors · 1978
This 1978 Air Force standard established occupational exposure limits for radiofrequency radiation to protect military personnel from RF health risks. The document set permissible exposure levels and safety protocols for workers handling RF equipment. This represents early military recognition that RF radiation posed measurable health risks requiring formal protection standards.
P.A. Neukomm · 1978
Researchers in 1978 studied body-mounted antennas used for medical telemetry, examining radiation patterns and safety concerns when transmitters are placed directly on human subjects. The study found that biological effects from RF exposure are possible and identified optimal frequencies between 75-150 MHz for body-mounted devices. This early research highlighted safety considerations for wearable medical monitoring technology.
W. A. Cornelius · 1978
This 1978 review examined what was known about microwave radiation's biological effects on humans and animals. The author found significant gaps in scientific understanding and major limitations in existing research methods. The review called for more rigorous, well-documented studies across different exposure levels to better understand microwave health risks.
QUIRINO BALZANO, OSCAR GARAY, FRANCES R. STEEL · 1978
Researchers tested how VHF portable radio transmitters heat human tissue using realistic phantom models of the head and body. They found that despite high field measurements near the antenna, actual tissue heating was minimal (less than 0.1°C) because the radio waves don't penetrate effectively into biological tissue. The only health risk occurs if someone places the antenna tip directly against their eye.
Quirino Balzano, Oscar Garay, Frances R. Steel · 1978
Researchers tested how VHF portable radio transmitters heat human tissue using realistic phantom models of muscle, fat, bone, and brain. They found that actual tissue heating was much lower than expected because the radio's antenna creates static fields that collapse at the air-body interface due to human tissue's electrical properties. This discovery helped explain why early field measurements overestimated potential heating effects.
Quirino Balzano, Oscar Garay, Frances R. Steel · 1978
This 1978 study tested how VHF portable radio transmitters heat human tissue using realistic phantom models of the head and body. Researchers found that a 6-watt portable radio held 0.2 inches from the mouth caused minimal heating (less than 0.1°C) in simulated brain tissue. The study revealed that actual tissue heating was much lower than expected because the antenna's strong static fields collapse at the air-body interface.
Unknown authors · 1978
This 1978 NIOSH government report examined what standards should protect workers from radiofrequency and microwave radiation exposure on the job. The document established criteria for occupational RF exposure limits during an era when workplace electromagnetic field hazards were becoming increasingly recognized. This foundational work helped shape early worker protection policies for electromagnetic radiation.
