Nikolova T et al. · 2005
ELF-EMF significantly affected transcript levels of bcl-2, bax, and GADD45 genes but did not affect neural-specific gene mRNA levels. RF-EMF down-regulated neural-specific Nurr1 and up-regulated bax and GADD45 mRNA levels. Short-term RF-EMF exposure for 6 hours caused a transient increase in DNA double-strand breaks, while 48-hour exposure did not. No effects were observed on mitochondrial function, nuclear apoptosis, cell proliferation, or chromosomal alterations.
Aitken RJ, Bennetts LE, Sawyer D, Wiklendt AM, King BV. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz RFEMR at a specific absorption rate of approximately 90 mW/kg inside a waveguide for 7 days at 12 h per day. Sperm number, morphology, and vitality were not significantly affected by the exposure. However, detailed DNA analysis using QPCR revealed statistically significant damage to both the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear beta-globin locus.
Baohong Wang et al. · 2005
Researchers studied whether 1.8 GHz radiofrequency field radiation (RFR) at a SAR of 3 W/kg could interact with four chemical mutagens to damage DNA in human lymphocytes in vitro. DNA damage was detected using comet assay at two incubation times after treatment. RFR alone showed no difference in DNA damage compared to the control group, but co-exposure with MMC or 4NQO produced significantly greater DNA damage than those chemicals alone. Co-exposure with bleomycin or methyl methanesulfonate did not significantly increase DNA damage compared with those chemicals alone.
Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O, Rudiger H. · 2005
Researchers exposed cultured human diploid fibroblasts and transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells to 1800 MHz RF-EMF at SAR levels of 1.2 or 2 W/kg, using both intermittent and continuous exposures. DNA strand breaks were determined by means of the alkaline and neutral comet assay. Effects occurred after 16 h exposure in both cell types, and intermittent exposure showed a stronger effect in the comet assay than continuous exposure. The researchers concluded that the induced DNA damage cannot be based on thermal effects.
Ramundo-Orlando A, Liberti M, Mossa G, D'Inzeo G. · 2004
Enzyme activity decreased only at 5.6 W/kg, with no response at lower SAR values. When using deglycated ascorbate oxidase without oligosaccharide chains, microwave irradiation caused no enzyme activity changes, indicating the chains are necessary for the effect. Catalytic properties of both enzyme forms were unaffected by microwave exposure in solution or in liposomes, ruling out enzyme conformational changes as a mechanism. The authors concluded that oligosaccharide chains of ascorbate oxidase are critical for microwave effects on lipid membranes.
Chemeris NK et al. · 2004
Researchers investigated genotoxic effects of HPPP EMF (8.8 GHz, 180 ns pulse width, peak power 65 kW, repetition rate 50 Hz) on erythrocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis. They used the alkaline comet assay to assess DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile lesions. Blood samples were exposed for 40 minutes in a rectangular waveguide with a specific absorption rate of about 1.6 kW/kg. The temperature rise in blood samples at steady state was 3.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C, and the increase in DNA damage was induced by this temperature rise.
Capri M et al. · 2004
Researchers studied whether prolonged in vitro exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency could affect human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young and elderly donors by altering apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and heat shock protein 70 levels. Three GSM signal modulations (Basic, DTX, and Talk) were applied at specific absorption rates of 1.4 and 2.0 W kg−1. Endpoints were analyzed both with and without the apoptosis-inducing agent 2-deoxy-D-ribose. No significant difference was found between RF-exposed and sham-exposed cells for any endpoint. The 1800 MHz RF did not induce apoptosis on its own, did not alter apoptosis triggered by an agent, and did not change mitochondrial function or HSP 70 expression.
Hook GJ et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed Molt-4 T lymphoblastoid cells to CDMA, FDMA, iDEN, and TDMA modulated RF radiation for up to 24 hours. DNA damage was measured with the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay and apoptosis with the annexin V affinity assay. No statistically significant difference in DNA damage or apoptosis was observed between sham and exposed cells for any frequency, modulation, or exposure time.
Hook et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed J774.16 mouse macrophage cells to FMCW radiation at 835.62 MHz and CDMA radiation at 847.74 MHz for 20–22 hours at a specific absorption rate of 0.8 W/kg. Cells were stimulated with γ-interferon and bacterial lipopolysaccharide before exposure. The results indicated that FMCW- and CDMA-modulated RF radiation did not alter parameters indicative of oxidative stress in J774.16 cells.
Tafforeau M et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed flax seedlings to 105 GHz radiation from a Gunn oscillator for 2 hours at non-thermal levels. The exposure induced meristem production with kinetics similar to those induced by weak environmental stresses and GSM phone radiation.
Prohofsky EW · 2004
Panagopoulos DJ, Karabarbounis A, Margaritis LH · 2004
The study used GSM mobile phones with a carrier frequency at 900 MHz. Insects were exposed to the near field of the mobile phone antenna for 6 minutes per day during the first 2–5 days of adult life. Modulated radiation decreased reproductive capacity by 50–60% while nonmodulated radiation decreased it by 15–20%. The authors suggested the radiation decreases the rate of cellular processes during gonad development.
Munoz S, Sebastian JL, Sancho M, Miranda JM · 2004
Researchers calculated the transmembrane voltage induced on erythrocyte, codocyte, ovalocyte, and spherocyte cell models exposed to a linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave at 1800 MHz. The induced voltage on the original erythrocyte shape was higher than on the altered cell geometries. Erythrocyte shape and membrane electric permittivity were found to play a fundamental role in the induced transmembrane voltage values. A finite element numerical technique with adaptive meshing was used for the calculations.
Czyz J et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed wild-type and p53-deficient embryonic stem cells to GSM-217 and GSM-Talk modulated electromagnetic fields at 1.71 GHz. GSM-217 exposure significantly increased hsp70 mRNA levels in p53-deficient cells, with a transient rise in c-jun, c-myc, and p21 levels only in those cells. GSM-Talk exposure produced no gene expression changes in either cell type, and cardiac differentiation and cell cycle were unaffected by GSM-217.
Kim MJ, Rhee SJ. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 15 minutes and then fed them diets containing 0%, 0.25%, or 0.5% catechin. Microwave exposure increased cytochrome P450 levels by 85% and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase activity by 29% compared with normal rats. It also raised superoxide radical concentrations by 35% and decreased superoxide dismutase activity by 34% and glutathione peroxidase activity by 28%. Catechin supplementation at 0.25% and 0.5% lowered superoxide radicals by 11% and 12%, increased superoxide dismutase activity by 19% and 25%, and kept glutathione peroxidase near normal.
Ilhan A et al. · 2004
Researchers investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba on mobile phone-induced oxidative damage in rat brain tissue. Mobile phone exposure increased malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, xanthine oxidase, and adenosine deaminase while decreasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in brain tissue. Ginkgo biloba treatment prevented these oxidative alterations and the mobile phone-induced cellular injury in brain tissue.
Trosic I, Busljeta I, Pavicic I. · 2004
Researchers investigated the effect of 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation on blood-forming cells in rats. Rats were exposed to a field power density of 5-10 mW/cm2 and a whole-body average SAR of 1-2 W/kg for 2 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 2, 8, 15, or 30 days. A significant decrease in lymphoblast count was observed at 15 and 30 days, while other examined parameters did not differ significantly from sham-exposed controls.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2004
Protein kinase C activity was measured in whole brain, hippocampus, and whole brain minus hippocampus after exposure. A significant decrease in enzyme level was observed in exposed rats compared to sham-exposed rats.
Novoselova EG et al. · 2004
Researchers studied effects of weak microwaves (8.15–18 GHz, 1 µW/cm2, 1.5 h daily) and antioxidant diet on TNF production in healthy and tumor-bearing mice. Microwave radiation and antioxidant diet stimulated TNF production in cells from healthy mice. In tumor-bearing mice, microwave exposure increased TNF production compared to unirradiated mice, while antioxidant diet did not affect TNF secretion. Prolonged microwave treatment decreased tumor growth rate and increased longevity in tumor-bearing mice, but antioxidant diet did not.
Markkanen A et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed wild-type and cdc48-mutant yeast cells to 900 or 872 MHz RF fields with or without UV radiation at elevated temperature. Amplitude modulated RF exposure significantly enhanced UV-induced apoptosis in cdc48-mutated cells, but unmodulated fields at the same SAR had no effect. Apoptosis was measured using the annexin V-FITC method with flow cytometry.
Koyama S, Isozumi Y, Suzuki Y, Taki M, Miyakoshi J. · 2004
Researchers exposed Chinese hamster ovary CHO-K1 cells to 2.45-GHz electromagnetic fields for 2 hours at SARs of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 W/kg to study micronucleus formation. Micronucleus frequency in cells exposed at SARs lower than 50 W/kg did not differ from sham-exposed controls. At SARs of 100 and 200 W/kg, micronucleus frequency was significantly higher than in sham-exposed controls. The researchers also found that micronucleus frequency increased in a temperature-dependent manner when cells were heat-treated at temperatures from 38 to 42 degrees C.
Capri M et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors in vitro to a 900 MHz GSM or continuous-wave (CW) radiofrequency field for 1 hour per day for 3 days. The researchers studied mitogen-induced proliferation, cell cycle progression, spontaneous and induced apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential. GSM-exposed cells showed a slight decrease in proliferation at the lowest mitogen concentration and a slight increase in cells with altered phosphatidylserine distribution, but cell cycle phases, mitochondrial membrane potential, and susceptibility to apoptosis were unaffected. When cells were exposed to the CW radiofrequency field, no significant modifications were observed for any of the endpoints studied.
Aksen F, Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Askin M, Dasdag MM. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to radiofrequency radiation from cellular phones to study effects on trace elements, T1 relaxation times, and rectal temperature. Manganese and zinc levels in the serum of exposed rats were significantly different from the control group. Iron, copper, and T1 relaxation times in serum did not change significantly, and rectal temperature also showed no statistically significant difference between groups.
Trosic I, Busljeta I, Modlic B. · 2004
Researchers used an erythrocyte micronucleus assay to investigate genetic damage in bone marrow red cells of rats exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation. Wistar rats were exposed to a 2.45 GHz continuous field for 2 hours daily, 7 days a week, at a power density of 5–10 mW/cm2, with a whole body average specific absorption rate calculated to be 1.25 ± 0.36 W/kg. Significant differences in polychromatic erythrocytes were found on experimental days 8 and 15, and the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was also significantly increased on day 15. Comparisons after 2, 8, and 30 irradiation treatments did not reveal statistically significant differences between sham-exposed and treated subgroups.
Busljeta I, Trosic I, Milkovic-Kraus S. · 2004
The study observed erythropoietic changes in rats subchronically exposed to radiofrequency microwave radiation at a nonthermal level. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous RF/MW fields for 2 hours daily, 7 days a week, at 5 – 10 mW/cm2. In exposed animals, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and haematocrit were increased in peripheral blood on irradiation days 8 and 15. Anuclear cells and erythropoietic precursor cells were significantly decreased in the bone marrow on day 15, while micronucleated cells' frequency was increased.
