Zhang SZ, Yao GD, Lu DQ, Chiang H, Xu ZP. · 2008
Researchers exposed primary cultured rat neurons to 1.8 GHz RF EMF at a SAR of 2 W/kg and used a gene array to look for changes in gene expression. Among 1200 candidate genes screened, 24 were up-regulated and 10 were down-regulated, associated with functions including cytoskeleton, signal transduction, and metabolism. The effect of 24-hour exposure on gene expression was more obvious than that of 6-hour exposure, and intermittent exposure had a more obvious effect than continuous exposure.
Nittby H et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed Fischer 344 rats to radiation from a GSM mobile test phone at 1,800 MHz for 6 hours and then analyzed gene expression in the cortex and hippocampus. Four rats were exposed in an anechoic chamber one at a time, and four control rats were kept in the same chamber for the same duration without exposure. Gene ontology analysis found highly significant changes in gene categories related to membrane functions in both brain regions.
Shirai T et al. · 2007
Pregnant F344 rats received a single dose of ENU on gestational day 18. Rats were exposed to a 1.95-GHz W-CDMA signal for 90 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 104 weeks starting at 5 weeks of age. Brain average specific absorption rates were designed to be .67 and 2.0 W/kg for low and high exposures, respectively. The incidence and numbers of brain tumors in female rats exposed to 1.95-GHz W-CDMA signals showed tendencies to increase but without statistical significance, and overall no significant increase in incidences or numbers was detected in either males or females.
Schmid G et al. · 2007
A numerical model of the human middle and inner ear was developed at 0.1 mm resolution based on a real human tissue sample. The model was inserted into a commercial head model and FDTD computations were run for handheld device exposures from 400 to 3700 MHz. Highest absorption occurred at 400 MHz with 166 microW in the labyrinth and 12 microW in the vestibulocochlear nerve for a 500 mW device. For typical mobile phone frequencies (900 MHz and 1850 MHz) and output power values (250 mW and 125 mW), absorbed RF power was more than one order of magnitude lower than the values given above. The researchers concluded that temperature-related biologically relevant effects from typical handheld devices are unlikely.
Schmid G et al. · 2007
Researchers measured the dielectric properties of 20 freshly removed human pineal glands less than 20 hours after death. They developed a high-resolution numerical model of the brain region around the pineal gland based on a real human tissue sample. FDTD computations were performed for handheld device exposures close to the head at 400-1850 MHz. The highest absorption was at 400 MHz with 11 microW absorbed in a 96 mg gland from a 500 mW device. At 900 MHz and 1850 MHz, absorption was lower by factors of 4.2 and 36 respectively.
Parazzini M et al. · 2007
The GUARD project involved nine European centers and aimed to assess potential changes in auditory function from low-intensity EMFs produced by GSM cellular phones. Participants were healthy young adults without any evidence of hearing or ear disorders. Auditory function was assessed immediately before and after EMF exposure using hearing threshold level, transient otoacoustic emissions, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem response. The study used a double-blind design with genuine and sham exposures separated by at least 24 hours. Exposure consisted of speech at a typical conversational level delivered via an earphone to one ear, plus genuine or sham EMF exposure from a consumer cellular phone at full power for 10 min.
Oftedal G, Straume A, Johnsson A, Stovner L · 2007
Seventeen eligible individuals who experienced symptoms in an open provocation test took part in a double-blind, randomized provocation study with cross-over design. Sixty-five pairs of sham and mobile phone RF exposures were conducted. The increase in pain or discomfort on visual analogue scales was 10.1 in RF sessions and 12.6 in sham sessions (P=0.30). Changes in heart rate or blood pressure were not related to the type of exposure (P: 0.30-0.88). The study gave no evidence that RF fields from mobile phones may cause head pain or discomfort or influence physiological variables.
Masuda H et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed rat heads to 1439 MHz RF-EMF for 10 minutes at three intensity doses of 0.6, 2.4, and 4.8 W/kg BASAR. They measured blood-brain barrier permeability, leukocyte behavior, plasma velocity, and vessel diameter using a closed cranial window method. No extravasation of intravenously injected dyes from pial venules was found at any BASAR level. No significant changes in the number of endothelial-adhering leukocytes after exposure were found. Plasma velocities and vessel diameters remained constant within the physiological range throughout each exposure.
Masuda H et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed the heads of rats for four weeks (60 min/day, 5 days/week) to RF-EMF at 2.4 W/kg of brain averaged specific absorption rate (BASAR). They measured blood-brain barrier permeability, leukocyte behavior, and plasma velocity using a closed cranial window method. No extravasation of dyes from pial venules was found, no significant changes in endothelial-adhering leukocytes occurred, and plasma velocity remained constant within the physiological range. These findings suggest that there were no effects on the cerebral microcirculation under the given RF-EMF exposure conditions.
Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. · 2007
Researchers conducted a meta-analysis of nine case-control studies with 5,259 brain tumor cases and 12,074 controls to examine cellular phone use and brain tumor risk. The pooled analysis showed an overall odds ratio of 0.90 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.81 to 0.99 for cellular phone use and brain tumor development. For long-term users of ten years or more, the pooled odds ratio was 1.25 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.01 to 1.54 based on five studies. No increased risk was observed for analog or digital cellular phone users.
Platano D et al. · 2007
Researchers studied the non-thermal effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on barium currents through voltage-gated calcium channels in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons using the patch-clamp technique. Neurons were exposed for one to three periods of 90 seconds to 900 MHz continuous wave or GSM-modulated signals during whole-cell recording at specific absorption rates of 2 W/kg for both modulation types. Single or multiple acute exposures to either continuous wave or GSM-modulated 900 MHz fields did not significantly alter the current amplitude or the current-voltage relationship through voltage-gated calcium channels.
Joubert V, Leveque P, Cueille M, Bourthoumieu S, Yardin C. · 2007
Researchers exposed primary cultured neurons from embryonic Wistar rat cortices to a 900-MHz GSM field for 24 hours at 0.25 W/kg SAR. Apoptosis was measured immediately and 24 hours after exposure using DAPI staining, TUNEL/PI flow cytometry, and caspase-3 fluorimetry. No statistically significant difference in apoptosis rate was found between exposed and control neurons at either time point. All three assessment methods gave concordant results.
Inomata-Terada S et al. · 2007
They also assessed short-interval intracortical inhibition reflecting GABAergic interneuron function using paired-pulse TMS. No effects of exposure were found on MEPs or SICI in healthy volunteers, and no effects on MEPs were observed in two multiple sclerosis patients despite conduction block after a hot bath.
Cinel C, Boldini A, Russo R, Fox E · 2007
Virtanen H, Keshvari J, Lappalainen R. · 2007
Researchers examined the effect of authentic passive metallic implants in the head region. A half-wave dipole antenna was used as an exposure source and SAR in the near field was studied numerically at GSM (900 and 1800 MHz) and UMTS (2450 MHz) frequencies. Results indicate some implants under very rare exposure conditions may cause a notable enhancement in peak mass averaged SAR.
Roosli M, Michel G, Kuehni CE, Spoerri A · 2007
Researchers used Swiss national mortality registry data from 1969 to 2002 to calculate age-standardized brain tumour mortality rates per 100,000 person-years. The study period was split before and after 1987 when analogue mobile technology was introduced. Over the whole period, mortality increased significantly in older age groups (60-74 and 75+ years) but not in younger groups. From 1987 onward, brain tumour mortality rates were relatively stable in all age groups.
Krause CM, Pesonen M, Haarala Bjornberg C, Hamalainen H. · 2007
Researchers recruited two groups of 36 male participants each, one performing an auditory memory task and the other a visual working memory task under six exposure conditions. The study aimed to partially replicate earlier work and investigate effects of mobile phone EMF on event-related desynchronisation/synchronisation EEG responses during cognitive processing. EMF exposure produced modest effects on alpha band oscillatory responses but no effects on behavioural measures. The EEG effects were varying, unsystematic, and inconsistent with previous reports.
Hours M et al. · 2007
Cases were histologically confirmed or based on radiological images, and controls were matched for gender, age, and residence, drawn from electoral rolls. Detailed exposure information was collected via face-to-face interviews, and conditional logistic regression estimated odds ratios. Regular cell phone use was not associated with increased risk of neuroma, meningioma, or glioma. A tendency for increased glioma risk was observed among the heaviest users, but the study had limited statistical power and results need verification in the international analysis.
Hardell LO et al. · 2007
Researchers reviewed two cohort studies and 16 case-control studies on cellular phone use and brain tumour risk, focusing on use for 10 or more years and ipsilateral exposure. The cohort study was considered of limited value due to methodological shortcomings, and most case-control results were based on low numbers. Four case-control studies found an association with acoustic neuroma for at least 10 years' use, while six studies reported increased odds ratios for malignant brain tumours, especially for ipsilateral exposure. A meta-analysis found ipsilateral cell phone use for 10 or more years yielded an odds ratio of 2.4 for acoustic neuroma and 2.0 for glioma.
Hansson Mild K, Hardell L, Carlberg M. · 2007
The study presents a pooled analysis of two case-control studies on the association of brain tumours with mobile phone use. Use of analogue cellular phones increased the risk for acoustic neuroma by 5% per 100 hours of use. The risk increased for astrocytoma grade III-IV with latency period, with highest estimates for more than 10 years since first use. Risk increased per year of use for analogue phones by 10%, digital phones by 11%, and cordless phones by 8%. For all studied phone types, odds ratios for brain tumours, mainly acoustic neuroma and malignant brain tumours, increased with latency period, especially for astrocytoma grade III-IV.
Ha M, Im H, Lee M, Kim HJ, Kim BC, Gimm YM, Pack JK. · 2007
Researchers selected leukemia and brain cancer patients under age 15 and matched controls from 14 South Korean hospitals using the Medical Insurance Data System. Exposure to RFR from 31 AM transmitters of at least 20 kW was estimated using a GIS-based prediction program calibrated with measurements. The odds ratio for all leukemia was 2.15 for children within 2 km of the nearest transmitter versus those beyond 20 km. For total RFR exposure, lymphocytic leukemia odds ratios were 1.39 and 1.59 in the second and third quartiles versus the lowest, and brain cancer was not associated with AM RFR.
Arns M, Van Luijtelaar G, Sumich A, Hamilton R, Gordon E. · 2007
Researchers used standardized data from the Brain Resource International Database to examine the relationship between mobile phone usage, personality, and brain function in 300 participants. The findings suggest a subtle slowing of brain activity related to mobile phone use that is not explained by personality differences. These changes are still within normal physiological ranges. Better executive function in mobile phone users may reflect more focused attention, possibly associated with a cognitive training effect from frequently making phone calls in distracting places. Participants were divided into three groups based on the frequency and duration of their mobile phone usage.
Vecchio F et al. · 2007
Ten subjects underwent two EEG recordings separated by one week in a crossover double-blind paradigm. The mobile phone was held on the left side of the head by a modified helmet. Each session lasted 45 minutes with real GSM exposure in one session and sham in the other. GSM stimulation modulated interhemispheric frontal and temporal coherence at alpha2 and alpha3 bands compared to sham.
Barcal J, Vozeh F · 2007
ECoG evaluation showed a distinct shift to lower frequency components in wild type mice but only gentle differences in Lurcher mutant mice. Hippocampal rhythmicity showed gentle changes with increase of higher frequencies and changes in theta oscillations in both healthy and mutant mice.
Crouzier D et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed freely moving rats for 24 hours to a 1.8 GHz GSM radiofrequency signal at low power density. The study tracked acetylcholine release in the hippocampus, EEG, EMG, and subcutaneous temperature, and also analyzed brain lipid extracts using NMR after the animals were sacrificed. No significant changes in any measured parameter were observed under radiofrequency exposure, and the NMR study also failed to show any effect.
