Kim HS et al. · 2014
Researchers assigned male Sprague-Dawley rats to cage-control, sham-exposed, and CDMA-exposed groups, with six rats per group. The CDMA-exposed rats received whole-body exposure to an 848.5 MHz CDMA signal at 2 W/kg for either 1 or 8 hours daily, five days a week, for two weeks. During the last five exposure days, all rats were injected with BrdU to label dividing cells, and the numbers of BrdU-positive cells in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus were estimated using an unbiased stereological method. The study found no significant difference in BrdU-positive cell counts in either brain region between CDMA-exposed rats and both control groups.
Kang KA et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed U87, PC12, and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells to combined radiofrequency radiation at 837 MHz CDMA and 1950 MHz WCDMA with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg each for 2 hours. They also tested co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione and measured intracellular reactive oxygen species using flow cytometry with a fluorescent probe. Combined RF radiation alone did not consistently affect ROS levels in a time-dependent manner, and co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione showed no statistically significant change compared to the chemicals alone.
Szyjkowska A, Gadzicka E, Szymczak W, Bortkiewicz A. · 2014
Most respondents used their phones daily or almost daily. Users who talked frequently and for long periods reported headaches (63.2%) and fatigue (45%) significantly more often than other users. Intensive users also reported warmth around the ear (47.3%) and at the auricle (44.6%) more frequently. Most symptoms appeared during or right after a call and disappeared within 2 hours, though 26% reported continuous headache lasting over 6 hours.
Zhou H et al. · 2014
Researchers used the finite-difference time-domain method to compute the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radio frequency (RF) waves in the human brain and to investigate the effects of geometry and polarisation on SAR value. The results suggested that high SAR values were found in the brain at approximately 250 MHz for vertical polarisation and 900-1200 MHz for both vertical and horizontal polarisation, which may be the result of head resonance at these frequencies.
Vijayalaxmi, Prihoda TJ. · 2014
The study aimed to investigate whether mobile phone radiofrequency fields and brain cancer show an adaptive response. The authors re-examined all odds ratios from the INTERPHONE study published in 2011. Their analysis showed 24.3% decreased and 0.7% increased risk for meningioma and 22.1% decreased and 6.6% increased risk for glioma. They hypothesized that the overwhelming evidence for decreased risk may be due to induction of an adaptive response.
Varsier N et al. · 2014
Researchers analyzed the influence of pregnancy stage and fetus position on whole-body and brain exposure of the fetus to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 2100 MHz. They used semi-homogeneous pregnant woman models between 8 and 32 weeks of amenorrhea. Whole-body and average brain exposures decreased during the first trimester. From the beginning of the second trimester, whole-body and average brain exposures were quite stable. A fetal head-up position produced slightly higher brain exposure than a head-down position, while whole-body exposures were similar.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, · 2014
In total, 1498 cases (89% participation) and 3530 controls (87% participation) were included. Mobile phone use increased glioma risk with an overall odds ratio of 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.6), rising to 3.0 (95% CI 1.7–5.2) for latency over 25 years. Cordless phone use increased glioma risk with an overall odds ratio of 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.7), with highest risk in the >15–20 years latency group (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.5). Ipsilateral mobile phone use had an odds ratio of 1.8 (95% CI 1.4–2.2) and ipsilateral cordless phone use had an odds ratio of 1.7 (95% CI 1.3–2.1). The highest risk was for glioma in the temporal lobe, and first use before age 20 gave higher odds ratios than later first use.
Ghanmi A, Varsier N, Hadjem A, Conil E, Picon O, Wiart J. · 2014
Researchers analyzed how phone position affects brain exposure by comparing SAR from two GSM phone models. They tested 80 phone positions selected via Latin hypercube sampling. They estimated SAR10g in the head, SAR1g in the brain, and SAR in brain structures at 900 and 1800 MHz. Results show SAR distributions in the brain are sensitive to phone position. For 5–10% of positions, SAR10g in head and SAR1g in brain were 20% higher than the standard cheek position, and the SAM model was conservative for 95% of positions.
Curcio G, Mazzucchi E, Marca GD, Vollono C, Rossini PM. · 2014
Researchers recorded EEG activity from 12 patients with focal epilepsy under real and sham exposure using a double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced design. Spiking activity tended to be lower during real exposure than during sham exposure. Gamma band power increased significantly during real exposure, mainly in parieto-occipital and temporal areas. Interhemispheric instantaneous coherence in the beta band increased from left temporal to right frontal regions during real exposure relative to baseline. No significant change in lagged coherence was observed.
Carlberg M, Hardell L. · 2014
Researchers analyzed survival of 1678 glioma patients from the 1997-2003 and 2007-2009 case-control studies. Wireless phone use with more than 20 years latency showed an increased hazard ratio of 1.7 for glioma overall. For glioblastoma multiforme, mobile phone use had a hazard ratio of 2.0 and cordless phone use a hazard ratio of 3.4 in the same latency category.
Bamiou DE et al. · 2014
They measured subjective visual vertical and horizontal from min 25 of exposure and found no effect of the emission type. However, an ear effect shifted perception opposite to the exposed ear, which the researchers attributed to handset weight or neck muscle stimulation.
Adibzadeh F et al. · 2014
Researchers performed detailed dosimetric simulations for 20 head models to quantify how head morphology affects RF dose in different brain regions. The variation in averaged SAR among heads reached up to 16.4 dB in a 1 cm³ brain cube using the field-sensor method and up to 15.8 dB in the medulla using the Talairach method. Head models were exposed to generic mobile phone fields at 835 and 1900 MHz in tilted and cheek positions. The authors concluded that head morphology is an important uncertainty source and that dosimetric analyses for specific brain regions should use real morphology.
Ragy MM. · 2014
Researchers exposed male rats to 900-MHz electromagnetic radiation for one hour daily over 60 days, with a withdrawal group that had a 30-day recovery period. Exposure significantly increased malondialdehyde levels and decreased total antioxidant capacity in brain, liver, and kidney tissues. Serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, and corticosterone were significantly increased, while catecholamines were not significantly changed. All these alterations were corrected after the withdrawal period.
Velayutham P, Govindasamy GK, Raman R, Prepageran N, Ng KH · 2014
The study was a prospective single-blinded study that used high-frequency audiometry. Researchers compared the dominant ear to the non-dominant ear in 100 subjects because they could not find enough non-users as a control group. Chronic mobile phone usage revealed high frequency hearing loss in the dominant ear compared to the non-dominant ear. The loss in the dominant ear was statistically significant (P < 0.05).
Saikhedkar N et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed 30-day-old rats to 900 MHz radio waves from a mobile handset for 4 hours per day over 15 days. Exposed rats showed more anxiety and poor learning compared to control and sham groups. Antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants changed significantly and lipid peroxidation increased in exposed rats.
Movvahedi MM et al. · 2014
Researchers enrolled 60 elementary school children aged 8 to 10 years in Shiraz, Iran. They used standardized computer-based tests of visual reaction time and short-term memory modified for children. Each test was repeated ten times in both real and sham exposure phases with a 30 min interval between phases. After a 10 min talk period, mean short-term memory scores were higher than after sham exposure (P = 0.030). Mean reaction times did not differ significantly between talk and sham exposure (P = 0.629).
Lv B, Su C, Yang L, Xie Y, Wu T · 2014
Researchers recruited ten subjects for a crossover, double-blind experiment with real and sham LTE EMF exposure sessions. Each session involved 30 minutes of LTE EMF exposure (power on or off) while EEG signals were recorded from 32 channels. The study found that short-term LTE EMF exposure modulated synchronization patterns of EEG activation across the whole brain.
Kesari KK, Meena R, Nirala J, Kumar J, Verma HN. · 2014
Researchers exposed 45-day-old male Wistar rats to 3G cell phone radiation for 2 hours a day over 60 days using a computer-controlled stepper motor. Exposure significantly induced DNA strand breaks and increased micronuclei, caspase 3, and apoptosis in the brain. Western blotting showed a transient increase in phosphorylation of hsp27, hsp70, and p38MAPK, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. The researchers concluded that oxidative stress activates the hsp27/p38MAPK pathway and that 3G radiation affects brain function and causes neurological disorders.
Valbonesi P, Franzellitti S, Bersani F, Contin A, Fabbri E. · 2014
Researchers exposed rat PC12 cells to 1.8 GHz continuous wave or GSM-modulated signals at a SAR of 2 W/kg for 4, 16, or 24 hours. HSP70 gene expression was measured by RT-PCR, while HSP70 protein and MAPK phosphorylation were measured by Western blotting. Only the GSM-217Hz signal increased HSP70 transcription after 16 or 24 hours of exposure. HSP70 protein levels and three MAPK signaling pathways were unchanged by any of the signals.
Dasdag S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 3 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 12 months to study effects on microRNA in brain tissue. The study found that rno-miR107 was decreased in exposed rats, while rno-miR-9-5p, rno-miR-29a-3p, rno-miR-106b-5p, and rno-miR-125a-3p were not altered.
Gürler HS, Bilgici B, Akar AK, Tomak L, Bedir A. · 2014
Researchers studied oxidative damage and the protective effect of garlic in rats exposed to low-level electromagnetic fields at 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Groups II and III were exposed to low-level EMF at 3.68 ± 0.36 V/m at 2.45 GHz for 1 hour/day for 30 consecutive days, with Group III also receiving 500 mg/kg garlic daily. Exposure increased 8-OHdG levels in both plasma and brain tissue and increased AOPP levels only in plasma, while garlic prevented the increase of 8-OHdG in brain tissue and AOPP in plasma.
Yilmaz A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to electromagnetic waves from mobile phones at frequencies between 1900 and 2100 MHz for a four-week period to study effects on apoptosis-related proteins in brain tissue. Immunohistopathological examinations showed that the study group had more p53 and Bcl-2 positive stained cells, and they were stained denser, with statistically significant differences between the study and control groups (p < 0.003). The researchers concluded that electromagnetic waves from mobile phones may have an effect on apoptosis.
Razavinasab M, Moazzami K, Shabani M · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900 MHz pulsed-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day during gestation, then tested the offspring using behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological methods. Mobile phone exposure was associated with a decrease in the number of action potentials fired and an increase in the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization in exposed offspring compared with controls. Phone exposure significantly altered learning acquisition and memory retention in both male and female offspring rats compared with control rats. Light microscopy of brain sections showed normal morphology in both control and mobile phone-exposed rats.
Qin F, Yuan H, Nie J, Cao Y, Tong J · 2014
Researchers exposed male mice to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields at 208 microW/cm2 for 0, 30, or 120 minutes per day for 30 days, while some groups also received nano-selenium by intra-gastric injection. Significant impairments in learning and memory were observed in the RF 120 min group, along with reduced acetylcholine levels and antioxidant enzyme activity and increased GABA, glutamate, and MDA in the brain. Nano-selenium supplementation decreased GABA, glutamate, and MDA levels and increased acetylcholine levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in the exposed mice.
Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Kedage V, Nalini K, Nayak S, Bhat PG · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of 900 MHz radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on oxidant stress and antioxidant defense in discrete brain regions of adolescent rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats aged 6 to 8 weeks were divided into a control group, a sham group, and an RF-EMR-exposed group, with 12 animals in each group. The exposed group received 900 MHz RF-EMR at a peak power density of 146.60 µW/cm2 for one hour per day for four weeks from an activated GSM mobile phone. Elevated TBARS levels were found in all brain regions studied, and altered behavioral performances were found in RF-EMR-exposed rats.
