Liu YX et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed rat astrocytes and C6 glioma cells to 1950-MHz TD-SCDMA electromagnetic fields for 12, 24, and 48 hours to investigate whether the radiation would alter glial cell biology and act as a tumor-promoting agent. After 48 hours of exposure, mitochondria were damaged and significant apoptosis of astrocytes was induced, with increased expression of bax and a reduced level of bcl-2. Astrocytes did not form tumors in either the control or exposed groups, and exposed C6 glioma cells showed no significant differences in biological features or tumor formation ability compared with unexposed cells.
Li Y, Shi C, Lu G, Xu Q, Liu S. · 2012
Researchers exposed 8-week-old Wistar rats to near-field radiation at 0.52–1.08 W/kg for 2 hours per day for 1 month. Behavioral changes were examined using the Morris water maze, and the irradiated rats exhibited impaired performance compared with the sham-irradiated rats. The morphological changes included mitochondrial degenerations, fewer synapses, and shorter postsynaptic densities in the radiated rats.
Fragopoulou AF et al. · 2012
Researchers investigated the effects of two sources of electromagnetic fields on the proteome of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and frontal lobe in Balb/c mice following long-term whole body irradiation. Across both exposure types, 143 proteins showed significantly altered expression, ranging from as low as 0.003 fold downregulation up to 114 fold overexpression. The altered proteins included neural function related proteins, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and proteins of brain metabolism across nearly all brain regions studied.
Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B · 2012
Researchers exposed male rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 2 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 10 months, then measured beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde levels were found to be higher in the brains of exposed rats. Only the increase in protein carbonyl was statistically significant (p < 0.001).
Bouji M, Lecomte A, Hode Y, de Seze R, Villégier AS · 2012
Researchers assessed the effects of a single GSM exposure at 900 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 6 W/kg on young adult (6-week-old) and middle-aged (12-month-old) rats. The study measured brain IL-1β and IL-6, plasmatic corticosterone levels, and emotional memory. Results showed an IL-1β increase in the olfactory bulb and enhanced contextual emotional memory in GSM-exposed middle-aged rats, while plasmatic corticosterone levels increased in GSM-exposed young adults. Acute GSM exposure did not induce astrocyte activation, in contrast to previously published work.
Aldad TS, Gan G, Gao XB, Taylor HS · 2012
Researchers used a mouse model to examine whether in-utero radiofrequency exposure from cellular telephones affects adult behavior. Mice exposed in the womb were hyperactive and had impaired memory, as measured using the object recognition, light/dark box, and step-down assays. The exposed mice also had dose-responsive impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex.
Cogulu O. · 2012
Researchers exposed mouse brain cell cultures to radiofrequency waves to evaluate genotoxic effects. The cultures were exposed to 10.715 GHz signals at a specific absorption rate of 0.725 W/kg for 6 hours over 3 days at 25°C. The study measured changes in the micronucleus assay and in the expression of 11 proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes. The micronuclei rate increased 11-fold and STAT3 expression decreased 7-fold in the exposed cell cultures.
Unknown authors · 2011
Researchers treated Eight patients with probable Alzheimer's disease using daily rTMS-COG sessions 5/week for 6 weeks, then maintenance sessions 2/week for 3 months. The primary cognitive measure ADAS-cog improved by approximately 4 points at both 6 weeks and 4.5 months, and the Clinical Global Impression of Change improved by 1.0 and 1.6 points respectively. Secondary measures MMSE, ADAS-ADL, and Hamilton Depression Scale improved but not significantly, while the Neuropsychiatric Inventory did not change and no side effects were recorded.
Nijs J et al · 2011
The review examined studies on central sensitization in chronic fatigue syndrome. Various studies showed generalized hyperalgesia in CFS for a variety of sensory stimuli, including electrical stimulation, mechanical pressure, heat and histamine. Various tissues are affected by generalized hyperalgesia: the skin, muscle tissue and the lungs. Generalized hyperalgesia in CFS is augmented following various types of stressors like exercise and noxious heat pain. Endogenous inhibition is not activated in response to exercise and activation of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls following noxious heat application to the skin is delayed.
Unknown authors · 2011
The review noted that in 2004 very few studies on radiofrequency fields and children were available, and WHO later identified this as a high priority research area. It described a few cross-sectional studies on well-being, cognitive effects, and behavioral problems, plus some cohort studies mainly on maternal mobile phone use during pregnancy. The review highlighted methodological limitations including cross-sectional designs that cannot determine temporal sequence, potential reversed causality, recall errors in self-reported use, and lack of confounding control.
Valentini E, Ferrara M, Presaghi F, De Gennaro L, Curcio G. · 2011
Lindholm H et al. · 2011
Each exposure and sham period lasted 15 minutes and took place in a climatic chamber under controlled thermoneutral conditions. They measured ear canal temperature, skin temperature at multiple sites, local cerebral blood flow via near-infrared spectroscopy, and autonomic nervous system function via ECG and continuous blood pressure. During the short-term RF exposure, local cerebral blood flow did not change, ear canal temperature did not increase significantly, and autonomic nervous system function was not interfered with.
Lee HJ et al. · 2011
Six-week-old AKR/J mice were simultaneously exposed to CDMA and WCDMA RF-EMFs for 45 minutes per day, five days per week, for 42 weeks. The whole-body average SAR was 2.0 W/kg for each signal, totaling 4.0 W/kg. No differences were found in final survival, lymphoma incidence, or splenomegaly incidence between sham- and RF-exposed mice. However, brain metastasis infiltration in lymphoma-bearing mice was significantly different in RF-exposed mice compared to sham-exposed mice, with no consistent correlation between sexes. Infiltration to liver, lung, and spleen did not differ between groups.
Frei P et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the risk of central nervous system tumours among Danish mobile phone subscribers. The cohort included 58 403 subscription holders with 3.8 million person years of follow-up from 1990-2007, during which 10 729 tumour cases occurred. The overall risk was close to unity for both men and women. For those with 13 or more years of subscription, incidence rate ratios were 1.03 in men and 0.91 in women. No dose-response relation was found by years of use or tumour location near the handset.
Aydin D et al. · 2011
The CEFALO study included children and adolescents aged 7–19 years diagnosed with brain tumors between 2004 and 2008 in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland. Researchers interviewed 352 case patients and 646 control subjects matched by age, sex, and geographical region. Regular mobile phone users did not have a statistically significant increase in brain tumor risk compared with nonusers. No increased risk was found for brain areas receiving the highest exposure, and no exposure–response relationship was observed.
Masuda H et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed rat brain membrane fractions and human 5-HT1B receptors in C6-glial cells to 50-Hz magnetic field at 1 mT. No significant difference was found in the affinity constant of serotonin for the 5-HT1B receptor between exposed and sham-exposed rat membranes. The same lack of affinity change was confirmed using a chemical agonist and in human 5-HT1B receptors in C6-glial cells. Forskolin-stimulated cAMP production inhibited by serotonin was also not modified by exposure in C6-glial cells.
Watilliaux A, Edeline JM, Lévêque P, Jay TM, Mallat M · 2011
Researchers exposed young rats on postnatal days 5, 15, or 35 to a GSM 1,800 MHz signal for 2 hours at 1.7–2.5 W/kg SAR and compared them to pseudo-exposed littermates. Western blotting measured heat shock proteins HSP60, HSC70, HSP90, serine racemase, glutamate transporters GLT1 and GLAST, and glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP in total and soluble extracts. The GSM signal had no significant effect on any of these proteins, and immunohistochemical staining for CD68 showed no differences in microglial morphology or distribution.
Sauter C et al. · 2011
Researchers tested 30 healthy young men exposed to GSM 900, WCDMA, and sham signals over nine study days. After correction for multiple testing, only time-of-day effects remained significant in two tests, resulting in faster reactions in the afternoon trials. Univariate comparisons revealed significant changes for GSM 900 only in the vigilance test. WCDMA exposure altered one parameter in vigilance and one in divided attention, while selective attention and the n-back task were not affected by either exposure.
Divan HA, Kheifets L, Olsen J · 2011
Researchers used data from the Danish National Birth Cohort to examine prenatal cell phone use and developmental milestone delays in offspring up to 18 months of age. At 6 months the adjusted odds ratio for cognitive/language delay was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-1.0) and for motor delay was 0.9 (95% CI 0.8-1.1). At 18 months the adjusted odds ratio for cognitive/language delay was 1.1 (95% CI 0.9-1.3) and for motor delay was 0.9 (95% CI 0.8-1.0). The researchers observed no evidence of an association and dose-response associations were also null.
Yuan K et al. · 2011
Researchers examined brain structure in 18 adolescents with internet addiction disorder using voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging. Voxel-based morphometry showed reduced gray matter volume in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, orbitofrontal cortex, cerebellum, and left rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed increased fractional anisotropy in the left posterior limb of the internal capsule and decreased fractional anisotropy in the right parahippocampal gyrus white matter.
Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. · 2011
The study included 4156 young adults aged 20-24 who completed questionnaires at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Mobile phone exposure variables included frequency of use and qualitative aspects such as demands on availability, perceived stressfulness of accessibility, being awakened at night, and personal overuse. Cross-sectionally, high mobile phone use was linked to stress, sleep disturbances, and depression symptoms in both sexes; prospectively, high use predicted sleep disturbances and depression symptoms in men and depression symptoms in women, while overuse predicted stress and sleep disturbances in women and high accessibility stress predicted stress, sleep disturbances, and depression symptoms in both sexes.
Keshvari J, Heikkilä T. · 2011
Researchers investigated SAR differences in child and adult head models using CAD models of commercial mobile phones as exposure sources. The main finding was that SAR distribution depends highly on antenna structure and phone model, making the exposure source type the key parameter. No systematic differences between child and adult heads were found from a volume-averaged SAR perspective. SAR values from generic source models could not be extrapolated to real device exposures.
Jorge-Mora T et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus using c-Fos protein expression as a marker of cellular activation. Rats were exposed once or repeatedly (ten times in two weeks) to 2.45 GHz radiation at power intensities of 3 and 12 W in a GTEM cell, with SAR determined by Finite Difference Time Domain calculation. High SAR increased c-Fos expression at 90 minutes and 24 hours post-exposure, low SAR increased c-Fos counts at 24 hours, and repeated 3 W exposure increased PVN activation by more than 100% compared to acute exposure and non-radiated controls.
Hareuveny R, Eliyahu I, Luria R, Meiran N, Margaliot M. · 2011
Researchers tested 29 right-handed men with phones on both sides of the head during a spatial working memory task. External antennas were used to prevent RF radiation from the phones' internal antennas. Despite drastically reduced RF exposure, results were similar to earlier studies where phones emitted RF radiation. The authors conclude that some effects previously linked to RF radiation may come from other factors.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. · 2011
Researchers pooled two case-control studies of living patients and one case-control study of deceased patients with malignant brain tumours diagnosed from 1997 to 2003. They interviewed cases, controls, and relatives of deceased subjects using a structured questionnaire. Replies were obtained for 1,251 cases and 2,438 controls. The risk of glioma increased with latency period and cumulative hours of mobile and cordless phone use. For astrocytoma, the most common glioma, the odds ratio was 2.7 for mobile phone use with more than ten years latency and 4.9 for first mobile phone use before age 20.
