Prochnow N et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed rats to UMTS cell phone signals at different power levels to study effects on memory formation in the brain. They found no impact on memory-related brain activity at 2 W/kg (similar to phone use), but significant disruption at 10 W/kg (five times higher than typical exposure). The study suggests current cell phone radiation levels may not harm memory processes, but much higher exposures could be problematic.
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. · 2011
French researchers exposed human brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) to EDGE cell phone signals at 1800 MHz for 1 and 24 hours at high intensities up to 10 W/kg. They measured whether this radiofrequency exposure increased oxidative stress - a type of cellular damage linked to various health problems. The study found no increase in reactive oxygen species production, indicating the EDGE signals did not cause oxidative stress under these conditions.
Hareuveny R, Eliyahu I, Luria R, Meiran N, Margaliot M · 2011
Researchers tested whether cell phone radiation affects cognitive function by having 29 men perform memory tasks while phones were attached to their heads. In a clever twist, they used external antennas placed far away to drastically reduce the actual radiation exposure from the phones. Despite the minimal radiation, they still found the same cognitive effects as in their previous studies with normal phone exposure.
Divan HA, Kheifets L, Olsen J · 2011
Danish researchers followed over 41,000 children from birth to 18 months to see if mothers' cell phone use during pregnancy affected their babies' developmental milestones. They found no connection between prenatal cell phone exposure and delays in cognitive, language, or motor development at either 6 or 18 months of age. This large-scale study suggests that cell phone use during pregnancy doesn't appear to harm early childhood development.
Yuan K et al. · 2011
Researchers used brain imaging to study 18 adolescents with internet addiction disorder, comparing their brain structure to healthy controls. They found significant changes in brain regions responsible for decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation, with more severe structural changes linked to longer periods of internet addiction. These findings suggest that excessive internet use may physically alter developing brains in ways that could impair cognitive function.
Volkow ND et al. · 2011
Researchers used brain scans to measure glucose metabolism (brain activity) in 47 healthy people while they had cell phones placed against their ears for 50 minutes. They found significantly increased brain activity in the area closest to the phone's antenna compared to when the phones were turned off. The clinical significance of this brain activity change is unknown.
Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. · 2011
Swedish researchers followed over 4,000 young adults for one year to examine how mobile phone use affects mental health. They found that heavy phone users were significantly more likely to develop stress, sleep problems, and depression symptoms compared to light users. The strongest predictor wasn't just frequency of use, but feeling stressed about being constantly accessible through their phone.
Papageorgiou CC et al. · 2011
Greek researchers studied how Wi-Fi signals affect brain activity in 30 people performing memory and attention tasks. They found that Wi-Fi exposure specifically reduced brain activity (measured by P300 brain waves) in men but not women during tasks requiring mental focus and working memory. This suggests Wi-Fi may impair cognitive function differently based on gender, with men showing decreased attention and memory processing when exposed to wireless signals.
Levis AG et al. · 2011
Italian researchers examined why studies on mobile phones and brain tumors reach different conclusions by analyzing the methods used in all major studies. They found that well-designed studies consistently show nearly double the risk of brain tumors on the same side of the head where people hold their phone after 10+ years of use, while poorly designed studies (often industry-funded) systematically underestimate this risk.
Leung S et al. · 2011
Researchers tested how 2G and 3G mobile phone signals affect brain function in 103 people across three age groups (teens, young adults, and older adults). They found that 3G exposure reduced cognitive accuracy, particularly in adolescents, while both 2G and 3G signals altered brain wave patterns during mental tasks. The study used careful controls and brain monitoring to detect these subtle but measurable changes in cognitive performance.
Kwon MS et al. · 2011
Finnish researchers used advanced brain imaging to study 13 young men exposed to cell phone radiation for 33 minutes. They found that the radiation significantly reduced glucose metabolism (the brain's fuel consumption) in specific regions of the brain on the same side as the phone exposure. This demonstrates that even short-term mobile phone use creates measurable biological changes in brain function.
Keshvari J, Heikkilä T. · 2011
Researchers used detailed computer models of real Nokia phones to compare how much radiofrequency energy (SAR) is absorbed by children's versus adults' heads during phone calls. They found no systematic differences between child and adult SAR levels when using the same phone model, but discovered that the specific phone design and antenna structure are the most important factors determining energy absorption patterns.
Jorge-Mora T et al. · 2011
Spanish researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency as WiFi and microwave ovens) and measured brain activity in a region called the hypothalamus that controls stress responses. They found that both single and repeated exposures triggered significant increases in cellular activation markers, with repeated exposure causing more than double the brain activity compared to unexposed animals. The effects occurred at power levels that didn't heat tissue, suggesting the brain responds to microwave radiation through non-thermal mechanisms.
Hareuveny R, Eliyahu I, Luria R, Meiran N, Margaliot M. · 2011
Israeli researchers tested whether cell phones affect cognitive performance by having 29 men perform memory tasks while phones were attached to their heads. In a clever twist, they used external antennas placed far away to eliminate radiofrequency radiation from the phones themselves. Even without RF exposure, they still found the same cognitive effects as their previous studies, suggesting that factors other than radiation might be responsible for phone-related cognitive changes.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. · 2011
Swedish researchers studied over 3,600 people to examine whether mobile and cordless phone use increases brain tumor risk. They found that people who used wireless phones for more than 10 years had 2.7 times higher risk of developing astrocytoma (the most common brain tumor), with even higher risks for those who started using phones before age 20. The risk increased with both years of use and total hours of phone use.
Dragicevic N et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed mice with Alzheimer's disease and normal mice to electromagnetic fields for one month and found that EMF treatment dramatically improved brain cell energy production (mitochondrial function) by 50-150%. The EMF exposure also helped break apart harmful protein clumps in Alzheimer's mice brains that damage cellular powerhouses. This suggests that EMF therapy might benefit brain function by directly enhancing how brain cells produce energy.
Deltour I et al. · 2011
Researchers analyzed how mobile phone radiation (SAR) spreads through the head using 120 different phones across multiple frequency bands (800-1800 MHz). They found that phones with similar external features don't necessarily produce similar radiation patterns in the brain, making it difficult to predict exposure levels based on phone appearance alone. This research was conducted to help improve large-scale health studies like Interphone that investigate links between mobile phone use and brain cancer.
Aydin D et al. · 2011
Researchers analyzed how memory errors and study participation bias affect mobile phone brain tumor studies in children and teens. They found that brain tumor patients overestimated their phone use by much smaller amounts than healthy controls, with patients overestimating call duration by 52% while controls overestimated by 163%. This suggests previous studies may have underestimated the actual risk of mobile phones causing brain tumors in young people.
Chaturvedi CM et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed mice to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours daily over 30 days. The exposed mice showed disrupted sleep patterns, increased blood cell counts, DNA damage in brain cells, and impaired spatial memory compared to unexposed mice. This study suggests that chronic exposure to common wireless frequencies may affect brain function and biological rhythms.
Maaroufi K et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed young adult rats to electromagnetic fields at 150 kHz frequency and examined how this affected their brains' ability to handle iron buildup. They found that EMF exposure increased harmful oxidative damage in brain tissue and prevented the brain's natural protective responses that normally help deal with excess iron. This suggests that EMF exposure may make the brain more vulnerable to iron-related damage.
Prochnow N et al. · 2011
German researchers exposed rats to 3G cell phone radiation at different power levels for two hours. Low exposure (2 W/kg) caused no memory problems, but high exposure (10 W/kg) significantly impaired the brain's ability to form memories, suggesting a threshold for wireless radiation effects.
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. · 2011
French researchers exposed human brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) to EDGE cell phone signals at 1800 MHz for up to 24 hours, measuring whether this caused oxidative stress (cellular damage from free radicals). Even at high exposure levels of 10 W/kg - far exceeding typical phone use - the radiofrequency radiation did not increase production of harmful reactive oxygen species in any of the brain cell types tested.
Carballo-Quintás M et al. · 2011
Spanish researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 900 MHz (similar to what phones emit) and found it triggered brain stress markers, especially when combined with a seizure-inducing drug called picrotoxin. The radiation activated neurons and caused inflammation in multiple brain regions, with effects lasting up to three days after exposure. This suggests that cell phone radiation may make the brain more vulnerable to neurological stress and damage.
Trosić I et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 915 MHz for one hour daily over two weeks and examined DNA damage in brain, liver, and kidney cells using a comet assay test. They found measurable DNA breaks in liver and kidney cells, with less pronounced effects in brain cells. This suggests that radiofrequency radiation at levels similar to cell phone emissions can cause genetic damage in multiple organs.
Lahijani MS, Bigdeli MR, Kalantary S. · 2011
Researchers exposed chicken embryos to magnetic fields similar to power lines before incubation and studied their brain development for 14 days. The exposed embryos showed significant brain damage including increased cell death and tissue breakdown compared to unexposed controls. This suggests that magnetic field exposure during critical development periods can harm the developing nervous system.
