Koyama S et al. · 2014
Researchers examined the effect of 2.45-GHz radiofrequency fields at SARs of 2 and 10 W/kg for 4 and 24 hours on neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis in differentiated human HL-60 cells. Neutrophil chemotaxis was not affected by radiofrequency field exposure, and phagocytosis was not affected either compared with sham exposure conditions. Exposure at an SAR under 10 W/kg showed very little or no effects on either chemotaxis or phagocytosis.
Jirillo E et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed 108 samples of human leukocytes from healthy donors to electromagnetic radiation at different intensities using a reverberation chamber. Exposure times ranged from 5 minutes to 24 hours, and sham-exposed blood samples from the same donors served as controls. In 68% of the 108 cases, an increase in leukocyte cell area was found along with morphological changes, while in 14% a decrease in cell area was observed. In 18% of cases, no effects dependent on the radiation were detected.
Habauzit D et al. · 2014
Researchers used a whole gene expression approach to assess the effect of acute 60 GHz exposure on primary cultures of human keratinocytes. Exposure led to an increase of temperature and a strong modification of keratinocyte gene expression, with 665 genes differentially expressed. When temperature was artificially kept constant, no modification in gene expression was observed after millimeter wave exposure. A heat shock control did not mimic exactly the millimeter wave effect, suggesting a slight but specific electromagnetic effect under hyperthermia conditions, with 34 genes differentially expressed.
Gapeyev AB, Aripovsky AV, Kulagina TP. · 2014
Researchers studied whether extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) could modify fatty acid content and composition in the thymus of mice also exposed to X-rays. Mice were exposed to low-intensity pulse-modulated EHF EMR at 42.2 GHz and/or X-rays at a dose of 4 Gy, with measurements taken at several time points up to 40 days after exposure. X-irradiation alone significantly increased total fatty acid content in thymic tissue within 4 to 5 hours and decreased it at 10 and 30 days, while thymus weight remained significantly reduced on days 30 and 40. When EHF EMR was applied before or after X-irradiation, changes in total fatty acid content were prevented and thymus weight restoration was promoted by day 40.
Dasdag S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 3 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 12 months to study effects on microRNA in brain tissue. The study found that rno-miR107 was decreased in exposed rats, while rno-miR-9-5p, rno-miR-29a-3p, rno-miR-106b-5p, and rno-miR-125a-3p were not altered.
Cam ST, Seyhan N, Kavaklı C, Celikbıçak O. · 2014
The study investigated whether pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation affects hydroxyproline content in rat skin, because skin is described as the first target of external electromagnetic fields. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were exposed to 900 MHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation at an average whole-body SAR of 1.35 W/kg for 20 min/day for 3 weeks. Exposure caused a statistically significant increase in skin hydroxyproline level (p = 0.049), at a SAR below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection safety limit.
Boga A et al. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and nicotine sulfate exposure on the embryonic development of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frogs). With the exception of the 1800 MHz exposure, radiofrequency radiation alone was not associated with dramatic developmental anomalies. The combined effects of radiofrequency radiation and nicotine sulfate on the embryos were more severe than the effect of either exposure alone.
Zong C, Ji Y, He Q, Zhu S, Qin F, Tong J, Cao Y. · 2014
Researchers exposed adult mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 120 μW/cm2 power density for 4 hours per day for 7 days, then injected some mice with bleomycin. Radiofrequency exposure alone showed no indications of increased DNA or oxidative damage compared to mice treated with bleomycin alone. Mice exposed to radiofrequency fields and then given bleomycin showed significantly reduced DNA damage at each repair time point measured, as well as decreased MDA levels and increased SOD levels.
Sefidbakht Y et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed HEK293T cells carrying a firefly luciferase gene to 940 MHz RF-EMF at a mean specific absorption rate of approximately 0.09 W kg-1. The effects of exposure durations of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes on luciferase activity and oxidative response elements were investigated. Luciferase activity was reduced after 30 and 45 minutes of continuous exposure, while after 60 minutes the exposed cells showed higher luciferase activity compared with non-exposed controls. ROS generation was highest in the 30-minute exposed cells, followed by a sharp rise in catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and elevation of glutathione during the 45-minute exposure.
Ozgur E et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed adult male guinea pigs to GSM-modulated radio frequency radiation at an average whole body SAR of 0.4 W/kg for 10 or 20 minutes daily for seven consecutive days. The study measured protein oxidation, advanced oxidation protein products, and superoxide dismutase activity in liver tissue, and also tested NAC and EGCG as potential protective treatments. SOD activity significantly decreased after radio frequency radiation exposure, but protein damage did not change. NAC treatment alone increased PCO levels, and EGCG treatment alone elevated AOPP levels.
Liu K et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed mouse spermatocyte-derived cells (GC-2) to 1800 MHz GSM signals at SAR values of 1, 2, or 4 w/kg for 24 hours. The expression of LC3-II increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner with RF exposure, and showed a significant change at the SAR value of 4 w/kg. RF exposure did not increase the percentage of apoptotic cells, but inhibition of autophagy could increase the percentage of apoptotic cells. The findings suggested that autophagy flux could be enhanced by 1800 MHz GSM exposure, mediated by ROS generation.
Abu Khadra KM, Khalil AM, Abu Samak M, Aljaberi A. · 2014
Researchers evaluated biochemical parameters in the saliva of 12 young males before and after using a mobile phone. The phone emitted radio frequency signals of 1800 MHz with a 1.09 w/kg specific absorption rate, and participants used it for 15 and 30 minutes. SOD levels followed a quadratic trend, rising after 15 minutes of talking but then dropping as talking time increased. The researchers suggested that exposure to electromagnetic radiation may exert an oxidative stress on human cells, as evidenced by the increase in the concentration of the superoxide radical anion released in the saliva of cell phone users.
Sarapultseva EI, Igolkina JV, Tikhonov VN, Dubrova YE · 2014
Researchers exposed the ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum to 1 GHz and 10 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at power flux densities ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 W/m2 for periods from 0.05 to 10 hours. Exposure to 0.1 W/m2 of either 1 or 10 GHz radiofrequency fields resulted in a significant decrease in the motility of the ciliates. The motility of unexposed offspring of ciliates that had been irradiated with 0.1 W/m2 of 10 GHz radiofrequency fields remained significantly compromised across at least 10 to 15 generations.
Qin F, Yuan H, Nie J, Cao Y, Tong J · 2014
Researchers exposed male mice to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields at 208 microW/cm2 for 0, 30, or 120 minutes per day for 30 days, while some groups also received nano-selenium by intra-gastric injection. Significant impairments in learning and memory were observed in the RF 120 min group, along with reduced acetylcholine levels and antioxidant enzyme activity and increased GABA, glutamate, and MDA in the brain. Nano-selenium supplementation decreased GABA, glutamate, and MDA levels and increased acetylcholine levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in the exposed mice.
Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Kedage V, Nalini K, Nayak S, Bhat PG · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of 900 MHz radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on oxidant stress and antioxidant defense in discrete brain regions of adolescent rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats aged 6 to 8 weeks were divided into a control group, a sham group, and an RF-EMR-exposed group, with 12 animals in each group. The exposed group received 900 MHz RF-EMR at a peak power density of 146.60 µW/cm2 for one hour per day for four weeks from an activated GSM mobile phone. Elevated TBARS levels were found in all brain regions studied, and altered behavioral performances were found in RF-EMR-exposed rats.
Maskey D, Kim MJ · 2014
Researchers applied radiofrequency at a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W/kg or 0 W/kg to mice to study the distribution of BDNF and GDNF in the nuclei of the superior olivary complex. In the exposed group, significant reductions in BDNF immunoreactivity were noted in the lateral superior olive, medial superior olive, superior paraolivary nucleus, and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. GDNF immunoreactivity was also significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in all superior olivary complex nuclei of the exposed group. The researchers suggested that the decrease in these neurotrophic factors in the superior olivary complex suggests a detrimental effect of RF exposure in the auditory nuclei.
Lu Y et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed microglial N9 and astroglial C8-D1A cells to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields to study pro-inflammatory responses and the mechanisms involved. Radiofrequency exposure induced different expression and release profiles of inflammatory markers including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2, nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase 2 in the two cell types. STAT3 was activated by radiofrequency exposure in microglia but not in astrocytes, and the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia but not in astrocytes.
Chen C et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at SAR values of 1, 2, and 4 W/kg for 1, 2, and 3 days. RF-EMF exposure did not influence eNSC apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle, or the ratio of differentiated neurons and astrocytes. However, neurite outgrowth of eNSC-derived neurons was inhibited after 4 W/kg RF-EMF exposure for 3 days. The mRNA and protein expression of proneural genes Ngn1 and NeuroD were decreased after RF-EMF exposure, while expression of their inhibitor Hes1 was upregulated.
Akbari A, Jelodar G, Nazifi S · 2014
Researchers exposed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to radiofrequency waves generated by a base transceiver station antenna model and measured oxidative stress markers in the cerebellum and encephalon. Antioxidant enzymes measured included glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, along with malondialdehyde (MDA). Exposure to radiofrequency waves decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and increased MDA compared with the control groups. Vitamin C supplementation improved antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced MDA in the group that also received radiofrequency wave exposure.
Ketabi N, Mobasheri H, Faraji-Dana R. · 2013
Researchers investigated the effects of ultra high frequency nonionizing electromagnetic fields on the channel activities of the nanopore forming protein OmpF porin. Using the voltage clamp technique on an artificial bilayer, they exposed the pore to electromagnetic fields at 910 to 990 MHz and found that the frequency of channel gating and voltage sensitivity increased, while conductance remained unchanged. No changes in membrane capacitance or permeability were identified, and the energy transferred to nano-environments was estimated to address possible thermal effects.
Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Colbay M, Yetkin I, Seyhan N. · 2013
Researchers exposed male Wistar albino rats to 1800 MHz or 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 30 min per day, 6 days per week, for either a month or two months. They measured micronucleus frequency in exfoliated bladder cells as an indicator of genotoxic damage. No significant differences in micronucleus frequency were found between any exposed group and its corresponding control group, nor between the two 2100 MHz exposure durations.
Waldmann P et al. · 2013
Researchers investigated whether GSM 1,800 MHz radiofrequency fields cause genotoxic effects in human lymphocytes. Blood from 20 healthy volunteers was exposed to three specific absorption rates of 0.2, 2, and 10 W/kg and sham for 28 hours. Four genotoxicity tests were conducted, including chromosome aberration, micronucleus, sister chromatid exchange, and comet assays. None of the nine endpoints showed a significant and reproducible exposure effect across the three analyzing laboratories. Positive controls showed highly significant differences from sham exposures, validating the study methods.
Loos N et al. · 2013
Kesari KK, Kumar S, Nirala J, Siddiqui MH, Behari J. · 2013
Kao HK, Li Q, Flynn B, Qiao X, Ruberti JW, Murphy GF, Guo L. · 2013
Researchers exposed wounded diabetic mice to pulsed radiofrequency energy and assessed wound closure, cell proliferation, and gene expression. Pulsed radiofrequency energy increased dermal cell proliferation and collagen synthesis in the wounds. However, CD31 density and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor did not differ significantly between treated and sham groups. In fibroblast cultures, pulsed radiofrequency energy increased gelation time compared to sham exposure.
