Wang X et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed Neuro-2a cells to 900 MHz GSM signals at specific absorption rates of 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 W/kg for 24 hours, with or without silencing of the DNA repair enzyme OGG1. Without OGG1 silencing, 2 W/kg RF-EMFs induced oxidative DNA base damage, and with OGG1 silencing, damage was observed at exposures as low as 1 W/kg. Increases in oxidative DNA base damage were accompanied by similar increases in reactive oxygen species, but neither DNA strand breakage nor altered cell viability was observed.
Marjanovic AM, Pavicic I, Trosic I, · 2015
Researchers evaluated the influence of a modulated radiofrequency field of 1800 MHz, strength of 30 V/m on oxidation-reduction processes within the cell. V79 cell line samples were irradiated for 10, 30, and 60 minutes, with a specific absorption rate calculated to be 1.6 W/kg. ROS levels significantly increased after 10 minutes of exposure, then decreased after 30 minutes, which researchers associated with antioxidant defence mechanism activation. Metabolic activity and total protein content in exposed cells did not differ significantly from control samples.
Duan W et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed a mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-2 cell line intermittently to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at intensities of 1, 2, or 3 mT, or to 1800 MHz RF-EMF in GSM-Talk mode at SAR values of 1, 2, or 4 W/kg. After 24 hours of exposure, neither ELF-EMF nor RF-EMF affected cell viability. ELF-EMF exposure significantly increased DNA strand breaks at 3 mT, while RF-EMF exposure significantly induced oxidative DNA base damage at a SAR of 4 W/kg. The researchers suggest that both field types may produce genotoxicity at relatively high intensities but through different patterns of DNA damage.
Cao H, Qin F, Liu X, Wang J, Cao Y, Tong J, Zhao H · 2015
Researchers exposed male Sprague Dawley rats to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency fields at different times of day to study whether circadian rhythms of plasma antioxidants were affected. Six groups of animals were exposed at a power density of 201.7 μW/cm2 and a specific absorption rate of 0.05653 W/kg for 2 hours per day for 32 consecutive days, each at a different time of day, while a seventh group served as sham-exposed controls. The circadian rhythms of melatonin, GSH-Px, and SOD were shifted in exposed rats, with levels significantly decreased when exposure was given at 23 and 3 h GMT. The researchers concluded that there may be adverse effects of radiofrequency exposure on antioxidant function, affecting both daily antioxidant levels and circadian rhythmicity.
Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Karun KM, Nayak SB, Bhat PG · 2015
Lee D, Lee J, Lee I. · 2015
Researchers tracked the movement of 10 pairs of guppies and 15 pairs of zebrafish in a fish tank under a cell phone-generated RF EMF. Fish locomotion was observed under normal conditions, in the visual presence of a cell phone, after feeding, and under starvation. Fish locomotor behavior was random both in normal conditions and in the presence of an off-signaled cell phone, but there were significant changes in locomotion after feeding under the RF EMF. The researchers also demonstrated that temperature elevation caused by the cell phone was not relevant to the observed effects.
Senavirathna MD, Asaeda T, Thilakarathne BL, Kadono H · 2014
Researchers investigated the effect of EMR on the growth dynamics of Myriophyllum aquaticum by measuring nanometric elongation rate fluctuation using a statistical interferometry technique. Plants were exposed to 2 GHz EMR at a maximum of 1.42 Wm(-2) for 1 hour. After continuous exposure, M. aquaticum plants exhibited a statistically significant 51 ± 16% reduction in NERF standard deviation. Temperature observations revealed that EMR exposure did not cause dielectric heating, so the reduced NERF was due to a non-thermal effect. The alteration in NERF continued for at least 2.5 hours after exposure with no significant recovery during the experimental period.
Khalil AM, Abu Khadra KM, Aljaberi AM, Gagaa MH, Issa HS. · 2014
The study aimed to examine oxidant and antioxidant status in saliva of cell phone users by collecting samples before and after 15- and 30-minute calls. Saliva was analyzed for malondialdehyde, 8-oxo-dG, and antioxidant capacities using ORAC and HORAC assays. Mean 8-oxo-dG and protein concentrations peaked at 15 minutes, while HORAC, ORAC, and MDA levels increased progressively and reached maximum at 30 minutes. Talking time had no significant effect on 8-oxo-dG, MDA, ORAC, or HORAC levels. The authors concluded that there is no relationship between radiofrequency radiation exposure and changes in the salivary oxidant/antioxidant profile.
Furtado-Filho OV et al. · 2014
Researchers assessed the effect of 950 MHz ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on biomarkers of oxidative damage, unsaturated fatty acid concentrations, and catalase expression in the livers of rats of different ages. Twelve rats per age group were divided into control and exposed groups and exposed for half an hour per day for up to 51 days at a specific absorption rate of 1.3–1.0 W/kg. The radiation did not cause oxidative stress and was not genotoxic in neonates or 6- and 15-day-old rats, but it changed polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in neonates. In 30-day-old rats there was no oxidative stress but the radiation was genotoxic to the livers of exposed rats.
Kang KA et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed U87, PC12, and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells to combined radiofrequency radiation at 837 MHz CDMA and 1950 MHz WCDMA with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg each for 2 hours. They also tested co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione and measured intracellular reactive oxygen species using flow cytometry with a fluorescent probe. Combined RF radiation alone did not consistently affect ROS levels in a time-dependent manner, and co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione showed no statistically significant change compared to the chemicals alone.
Sepehrimanesh M et al. · 2014
Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF for 1, 2, or 4 hours per day over 30 days, with a sham-exposed control group. At the end of the experiment, the long-time exposure group showed significantly higher FSH and LH levels than the sham group. The long-time exposure group also had significantly increased activin B and prolactin, decreased inhibin B compared to sham and short-time exposure groups, and decreased testosterone compared to short- and moderate-time exposure groups.
Mortazavi SM et al. · 2014
Researchers previously found that radiofrequency radiation exposure can induce a survival adaptive response in laboratory animals. They also reported that pre-exposing mice to GSM mobile phone radiation increased resistance to subsequent Escherichia coli infection. In this study, animals receiving both radiofrequency pre-exposure and bacterial challenge had a 56% survival rate versus 20% for those receiving only the bacterial challenge.
Geronikolou S et al. · 2014
Egg laying in the second generation was compared between exposed and non-exposed cultures using advanced statistics. The 900 MHz exposure showed statistical significance, while the cordless phone exposure showed limited statistical significance. The researchers also calculated and simulated the near-field radiation patterns inside the vials. They found that the power difference between the two fields becomes null when the cylinder radius and antenna height increase.
Aydogan F et al. · 2014
Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Groups A and B served as control groups for 10 days and 40 days with six rats each, while groups C and D were exposure groups with nine rats each. The rats were exposed to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation simulating a third generation mobile phone for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 10 or 40 days. Exposure groups showed numerous histopathological changes in the parotid gland, with more prominent changes after 40 days compared to 10 days.
Burlaka A et al. · 2014
Seckin E et al. · 2014
Pregnant rats and their offspring were exposed to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications radiofrequency radiation for one hour per day during pregnancy and for 21 days after birth. Distortion product otoacoustic emission tests showed no significant difference among the groups. Electron microscopy revealed significant differences in the numbers of normal, apoptotic, and necrotic cells among the groups. The findings indicated cellular structural damage in the cochlea caused by radiofrequency radiation exposure during cochlear development.
Saikhedkar N et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed 30-day-old rats to 900 MHz radio waves from a mobile handset for 4 hours per day over 15 days. Exposed rats showed more anxiety and poor learning compared to control and sham groups. Antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants changed significantly and lipid peroxidation increased in exposed rats.
Valbonesi P, Franzellitti S, Bersani F, Contin A, Fabbri E. · 2014
Researchers exposed rat PC12 cells to 1.8 GHz continuous wave or GSM-modulated signals at a SAR of 2 W/kg for 4, 16, or 24 hours. HSP70 gene expression was measured by RT-PCR, while HSP70 protein and MAPK phosphorylation were measured by Western blotting. Only the GSM-217Hz signal increased HSP70 transcription after 16 or 24 hours of exposure. HSP70 protein levels and three MAPK signaling pathways were unchanged by any of the signals.
Tas M et al. · 2014
The study used 14 adult Wistar Albino rats divided into sham and exposure groups of seven each. Exposed rats received 900 MHz RF radiation from a GSM signal generator for 3 hours per day, 7 days a week, for one year. No differences were found in sperm motility or concentration between groups. Exposed rats had higher rates of morphologically normal sperm but lower tunica albuginea thickness and Johnsen testicular biopsy scores.
Taberski K et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed 16 male Djungarian hamsters to 900 MHz GSM-modulated RF-EMF at SAR levels of 0, 0.08, 0.4, and 4 W/kg for one week per condition. Only at the highest SAR level did fur temperature increase by about 0.5°C, food consumption decrease, and daytime carbon dioxide production and respiratory quotient decrease.
Sannino A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes from four healthy donors to 1950 MHz radiofrequency fields at 0.3 W/kg for 20 hours, then challenged them with 1.0 or 1.5 Gy X-irradiation. After 72 hours of culture, they measured micronuclei incidence and found a significant decrease in micronuclei in cells exposed to both radiofrequency fields and X-rays compared to X-rays alone. The results suggested a radiofrequency-induced adaptive response and resistance to subsequent X-ray damage, though variability between donors was observed.
Qin F et al. · 2014
Ozgur E, Guler G, Kismali G, Seyhan N · 2014
Researchers exposed Hep G2 hepatocarcinoma cells to intermittent 900- and 1800-MHz radiofrequency radiation at a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg for 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours. Cell viability changed according to the frequency and duration of the exposure. Four-hour exposure produced more pronounced effects than shorter durations. 1800-MHz radiation had a larger impact on cell viability and injury than 900-MHz radiation. Morphological analysis showed irregular nuclei and DNA damage after 4 hours of 1800-MHz exposure.
Mugunthan N, Anbalagan J, Meenachi S, Samy AS. · 2014
Mice were exposed to 2G ultra-high frequency radiation for 48 minutes per day over 30 to 180 days, with sham controls. In the exposed group, kidney weight and volume were significantly reduced in the first month, while kidney weight alone was significantly increased in the fifth month. Microscopic examination revealed dilated glomerular capillaries, increased urinary space, wider tubular lumens with reduced cell size, brush border interruption, vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, and marked basal striations in distal tubules. The researchers concluded that chronic exposure to 2G cell phone radiation could cause microscopic changes in the glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
Le Quément C et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed human skin cell lines to 60.4 GHz millimeter waves at incident power densities ranging from 1 to 20 mW/cm(2). The expression of ER stress sensors BIP and ORP150 was examined by real-time RT-PCR. MMW radiation did not change basal levels of BIP or ORP150 mRNA across any cell line, exposure duration, or power density. At 20 mW/cm(2), MMW exposure inhibited thapsigargin-induced overexpression of BIP and ORP150. This inhibition was attributed to thermal effects from the MMW exposure.
