Bluetooth Radiation Research

Levitt BB, Lai HC and Manville AM II. (2022) Low-level EMF effects on wildlife and plants: What research tells us about an ecosystem approach

Unknown authors · 2022

Gupta V, Srivastava R. 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative stress: Role of inflammatory cytokines in regulating male fertility through estrogen receptor alpha in Gallus gallus domesticus

Unknown authors · 2022

Researchers exposed two-week-old immature male chickens to non-thermal low-level 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for two hours per day over 30 days. Exposed chickens showed decreased testicular weight, volume, and gonado-somatic index, as well as a substantial reduction in seminiferous tubule diameter. Radiation exposure increased oxidative stress parameters, increased IL-1β immunoreactivity, decreased IL-10 immunoreactivity, and reduced ERα expression in testes.

Gupta V, Srivastava R. 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative stress: Role of inflammatory cytokines in regulating male fertility through estrogen receptor alpha in Gallus gallus domesticus

Unknown authors · 2022

Researchers exposed young male chickens to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) for 2 hours daily over 30 days and found significant damage to their reproductive systems. The radiation caused testicular shrinkage, increased inflammation, and reduced hormone receptor activity linked to fertility. This study reveals concerning biological mechanisms by which common wireless frequencies may impact male reproductive health.

Gupta V, Srivastava R. 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative stress: Role of inflammatory cytokines in regulating male fertility through estrogen receptor alpha in Gallus gallus domesticus

Unknown authors · 2022

Researchers exposed young male chickens to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency as WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours daily over 30 days. The radiation caused testicular shrinkage, increased inflammation, and reduced hormone receptor activity linked to male fertility. This study provides biological evidence that common microwave frequencies may impair reproductive development.

WiFi Related Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Promote Transposable Element Dysregulation and Genomic Instability in Drosophila melanogaster

Unknown authors · 2022

Cappucci, U., Assunta Maria Casale, Mirena Proietti, Fiorenzo Marinelli, Livio Giuliani, Lucia Piacentini

Unknown authors · 2022

Researchers exposed fruit flies to 2.4 GHz WiFi radiation at non-thermal levels and found it caused DNA damage, increased oxidative stress, behavioral changes, and accelerated tumor growth. The study demonstrated that WiFi signals triggered genetic instability by disrupting normal chromosome structure and silencing mechanisms in both brain and reproductive tissues. These findings suggest WiFi radiation may have biological effects beyond heating that warrant further investigation in humans.

2.4 GHz Electromagnetic Field Influences the Response of the Circadian Oscillator in the Colorectal Cancer Cell Line DLD1 to miR-34a- Mediated Regulation

Unknown authors · 2022

Researchers exposed miR-34a-transfected DLD1 colorectal cancer cells to 2.4 GHz RF-EMF for 24 hours and evaluated effects using real-time PCR, scratch assay, and MTS test. Administration of miR-34a decreased expression of per2, bmal1, sirtuin1, and survivin and inhibited proliferation and migration of DLD1 cells. RF-EMF exposure increased cry1 mRNA expression, weakened miR-34a's inhibition of per2, abolished its inhibition of survivin, and eliminated miR-34a's effects on proliferation and migration. The authors concluded that RF-EMF strongly influenced miR-34a-mediated regulation of the peripheral circadian oscillator in DLD1 cells.

Changes in the histopathology and in the proteins related to the MAPK pathway in the brains of rats exposed to pre and postnatal radiofrequency radiation over four generations

Tan B, Tan FC, Yalcin B, Dasdag S, Yegin K, Yay AH · 2022

The study created four groups (sham, irradiated female, irradiated male, and irradiated male and female) with one male and three females each. The irradiated groups were whole-body exposed to 2450 MHz continuous wave radiofrequency radiation for 12 hours per day across four generations. The researchers examined fetal brain development, histopathological changes in female rats, and hippocampal MAPK protein levels in male rats. In exposed groups, hemorrhagic areas, irregular cellular localization, and vascular structures were observed in the brains of fetal and adult female rats across all generations. In adult male rats, phosphorylated ERK, tau, JNK, and p38 were significantly increased in the brain across all generations.

Changes in rat spatial learning and memory as well as serum exosome proteins after simultaneous exposure to 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz microwaves

Unknown authors · 2022

Changes in the histopathology and in the proteins related to the MAPK pathway in the brains of rats exposed to pre and postnatal radiofrequency radiation over four generations

Tan B, Tan FC, Yalcin B, Dasdag S, Yegin K, Yay AH · 2022

Turkish researchers exposed rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2450 MHz) for 12 hours daily across four generations, starting before conception. They found brain hemorrhaging and irregular cell patterns in fetuses and adult females, plus elevated stress proteins linked to memory problems in males. The effects persisted and potentially worsened across generations.

Lost opportunities for cancer prevention: historical evidence on early warnings with emphasis on radiofrequency radiation

Hardell & Carlberg · 2021

The paper discusses historical lessons from early warnings on cancer risks and lost prevention opportunities. It states that radiofrequency radiation has a cancer-causing effect and that decades of studies show increased human cancer risk. Based on three case-control studies of wireless phone use, the authors present a preventable fraction for brain tumors and note an increase in undefined brain tumors in Sweden, especially among ages 20–39, which they suggest may be linked to high wireless phone use among young people.

Effects of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on sleep-dependent memory consolidation

Unknown authors · 2021

Thirty young men participated in a double-blind, sham-controlled crossover study with all-night 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure. Declarative memory improved overnight with Wi-Fi exposure, but emotional and procedural memory were unaffected. No sleep-specific physiological parameters changed with exposure, so the behavioral effect lacked physiological support and may be a random finding.

Potential influence of prenatal 2.45 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on Wistar albino rat testis

Unknown authors · 2021

Pregnant Wistar albino rats were exposed to pulsed 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 2.8 mW/cm² for 2 hours daily throughout pregnancy. Male offspring were not exposed after birth and were examined at 75 days of age. Exposed adult rats showed irregular seminiferous tubules, degenerated germ cells, reduced tubule diameter and epithelial height, and increased interstitial space. Exposed rats also had more vacuoles, altered organelles, necrotizing cells, empty spaces between Sertoli and germ cells, and increased lipid droplets in Leydig cells. Fluoro Jade-C and superoxide dismutase 2 positivity were increased in exposed rats.

Human fibroblasts in vitro exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous and pulsed wave signals: evaluation of biological effects with a multimethodological approach

Unknown authors · 2020

Protective Effects of Zinc on 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in HEK293 Cells

Unknown authors · 2020

Testing of behavioral and cognitive development in rats after prenatal exposure to 1800 and 2400 MHz radiofrequency fields

Unknown authors · 2020

Pregnant rats were exposed to radiofrequency fields starting on day 21 of pregnancy, and offspring were tested with Y maze at 3 weeks, open field at 7 weeks, and hippocampal NMDAR expression at 9 weeks. The 1800 MHz and 1800 MHz + WiFi groups showed a downward trend in body weight, and the WiFi group opened eyes earlier than controls. In open field tests, the 1800 MHz + WiFi group had shorter overall path length and delayed stationary time, the WiFi group had shorter path length and increased velocity in the error arm, and the 1800 MHz + WiFi group showed increased central area activity. Both exposure groups down-regulated NR2A and NR2B and up-regulated NR2D, NR3A, and NR3B, while the WiFi group also up-regulated NR1 and NR2C.

Testing of behavioral and cognitive development in rats after prenatal exposure to 1800 and 2400 MHz radiofrequency fields

Unknown authors · 2020

Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 1800 MHz cell phone radiation and 2400 MHz WiFi signals, then tested their offspring's behavior and brain development. The exposed pups showed altered movement patterns, changed brain chemistry, and different developmental timing compared to unexposed controls. The study suggests prenatal EMF exposure may affect how the brain develops during critical early periods.

Hepatic injury induced by radio frequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices in Wistar rats

Hepatic injury induced by radio frequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices in Wistar ratsH M Fahmy et al. · 2020

Researchers exposed Wistar female rats to a standard 2.45 GHz radio frequency source with an averaged whole-body specific absorption rate of 0.01 W kg−1 24 h−1 daily for 40 consecutive days. The rats were randomly divided into control and Wi-Fi–exposed groups. Liver samples were evaluated for oxidative stress parameters, transaminase levels, molecular structure using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, histopathology, and ultrastructure. Exposure led to severe oxidative stress, deleterious effects on liver function, altered molecular structure, and severe histological and ultrastructural alterations indicating hepatotoxic effects.

Assessment of function, histopathological changes, and oxidative stress in liver tissue due to ionizing and non-ionizing radiations

Unknown authors · 2020

Researchers randomly divided 120 Wistar rats into ten groups of 12 and exposed them to RF-EMF, 10 cGy x-rays, 8 Gy x-rays, combinations of these, or sham exposure. They measured liver enzymes in serum, as well as histopathological changes and oxidative stress markers including MDA, nitric oxide, antioxidant power, total thiols, and PCO. Gamma-glutamyltransferase was not associated with irradiation, but aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase showed some association. MDA and PCO levels increased after 8 Gy irradiation, but pre-exposure to RF-EMF modulated these changes, and lobular inflammation frequency was associated with the intervention type.

Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) affects anti-oxidant capacity, DNA repair genes expression and, apoptosis in pregnant mouse placenta

Unknown authors · 2020

Pregnant mice were exposed to Wi-Fi signal (2.4 GHz) for 2 and 4 hours. Placenta tissues were examined for MDA and SOD levels, and gene expression of SOD, CDKNA1, GADD45a, Bax, and Bcl-2 was measured by real-time PCR, while apoptosis was assessed using TUNEL assay. MDA and SOD levels significantly increased in exposed groups (P-value<0.05), and SOD mRNA expression also significantly increased. CDKN1A and GADD45a gene expression increased in exposed groups (P-value<0.05), and apoptosis increased as shown by quantitative PCR and TUNEL assay (P-value<0.05).

Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) affects anti- oxidant capacity, DNA repair genes expression and, apoptosis in pregnant mouse placenta

Unknown authors · 2020

Researchers exposed pregnant mice to Wi-Fi signals (2.4 GHz) for 2 and 4 hours and examined the placenta tissue. They found increased oxidative stress, DNA damage markers, and cell death in the placenta after Wi-Fi exposure. This matters because the placenta is crucial for healthy fetal development during pregnancy.

Low-power Density Radiations Emitted from Common Wi-Fi Routers Influence Sperm Concentration and Sperm Histomorphometric Parameters: A New Horizon on Male Infertility Treatment

Delavarifar S et al. · 2020

Researchers exposed 30 adult male Balb/c mice to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation or sham exposure, with some mice treated with busulfan to induce oligospermia. Low power density Wi-Fi radiation significantly increased sperm concentration in healthy mice and showed greater increase in oligospermic mice with higher exposure.

Global gene expression analysis of Escherichia coli K-12 DH5α after exposure to 2.4 GHz wireless fidelity radiation

Unknown authors · 2019

Researchers used high-throughput RNA sequencing to compare gene expression in E. coli DH5α exposed to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation and unexposed controls. The analysis identified 101 differentially expressed genes, with 52 up-regulated and 49 down-regulated. Quantitative RT-PCR of selected genes confirmed the sequencing results. Pathway analysis showed that flagellar assembly, chemotaxis, two-component systems, and metabolic pathways were affected.

Evaluation of Wi-Fi Radiation Effects on Antibiotic Susceptibility, Metabolic Activity and Biofilm Formation by Escherichia Coli 0157H7, Staphylococcus Aureus and Staphylococcus Epidermis

Said-Salman IH, Jebali FA, Yusef HH, Mustafa ME · 2019

A Wi-Fi router was used as a source of microwaves and bacterial cells were exposed continuously for 24 and 48 hours. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by disc diffusion on Müller Hinton agar, motility of Escherichia coli O157H7 was assessed on motility agar, and metabolic activity and biofilm formation were measured with MTT assay and crystal violet quantification. Exposure altered motility and antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157H7, did not change antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermis, and increased metabolic activity and biofilm formation in Escherichia coli O157H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis.

The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves on neuronal response properties in rat barrel cortex

The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves on neuronal response properties in rat barrel cortexSistani S et al. · 2019

Researchers exposed 29 male Wistar rats to Wi-Fi radiation for 1 hour and recorded neuronal responses in the barrel cortex. Wi-Fi radiation decreased the condition test ratio for ON responses. Spontaneous activity and ON and OFF responses were not significantly changed. The researchers concluded that Wi-Fi radiation could modulate integrative responses to natural stimuli in barrel cortex.