Bluetooth Radiation Research

Review: Biological and pathological effects of 2.45 GHz radiation on cells, fertility, brain, and behavior. umwelt • medizin • gesellschaft

Unknown authors · 2018

Radiofrequency radiation from nearby base stations gives high levels in an apartment in Stockholm, Sweden: A case report

Hardell L et al · 2018

Researchers measured RF radiation levels in an apartment close to two groups of mobile phone base stations on the roof. A total of 74,531 measurements were made corresponding to ~83 h of recording. The total mean RF radiation level was 3,811 µW/m2 with a range of 15.2 to 112,318 µW/m2 for the whole apartment including balconies. Particularly high levels were measured on three balconies and three of the four bedrooms. The mean RF radiation level decreased by 98% when down-links from the base stations for 2, 3 and 4 G were disregarded.

Shahin S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative and nitrosative stress mediated testicular apoptosis: Involvement of a p53 dependent bax-caspase-3 mediated pathway

Unknown authors · 2018

Twelve-week old male mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 0.0248 mW/cm2 power density and 0.0146 W/kg SAR for two hours daily over 15, 30, and 60 days. Researchers evaluated testicular histology, serum testosterone, ROS, NO, MDA, antioxidant enzymes, and apoptotic protein expression. Exposure induced testicular redox imbalance that enhanced apoptosis via a p53 dependent Bax-caspase-3 pathway with severity increasing with exposure duration.

Shahin S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative and nitrosative stress mediated testicular apoptosis: Involvement of a p53 dependent bax- caspase-3 mediated pathway

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers exposed male mice to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency as WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours daily over 15-60 days. The radiation triggered a cascade of cellular damage in the testes, leading to sperm cell death through a specific molecular pathway involving oxidative stress and programmed cell death. Longer exposure periods caused progressively more severe damage to reproductive tissue.

What is adverse effect of wireless local area network, using 2.45 GHz, on the reproductive system?

Unknown authors · 2018

Exposure to radiation from single or combined radio frequencies provokes macrophage dysfunction in the RAW 264.7 cell line.

López-Furelos A et al. · 2018

Researchers exposed RAW 264.7 macrophage cells to single or combined radiofrequency signals at 900 and 2450 MHz for 4, 24, 48, or 72 hours in a GTEM chamber. They measured cell viability, nitric oxide production, HSP70 and TNF-α expression, and phagocytic activity. Phagocytic activity declined with longer exposure, while combined exposure raised HSP70 at 48 hours and significantly increased nitric oxide and TNF-α at 72 hours.

Effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the fertility pattern in male mice

Unknown authors · 2018

Mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at a power density of 0.25 mW/cm2 and SAR of 0.09 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 30 days. Exposure significantly increased catalase, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species while decreasing glutathione peroxidase, testosterone, and superoxide dismutase levels. Flow cytometry revealed micronuclei formation in the blood of exposed mice, and histopathological changes were observed in seminiferous tubules.

Effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the fertility pattern in male mice

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers exposed male mice to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency as WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours daily over 30 days. The exposed mice showed significant damage to their reproductive systems, including reduced testosterone levels, increased oxidative stress in the testes, and structural damage to sperm-producing tissue. The study demonstrates that everyday wireless frequencies can harm male fertility through cellular damage.

Evidence of oxidative stress after continuous exposure to Wi-Fi radiation in rat model.

Kamali K, Taravati A, Sayyadi S, Gharib FZ, Maftoon H. · 2018

Researchers exposed male Wister rats to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation continuously for 10 weeks. Total antioxidant capacity of plasma and activities of CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD decreased significantly in exposed rats. GST activity increased significantly in the exposed group. GSH and TBARS levels did not change significantly after exposure.

Assessment of exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields from smart utility meters in GB; part II) numerical assessment of induced SAR within the human body.

Qureshi MRA, Alfadhl Y, Chen X, Peyman A, Maslanyj M, Mann S · 2018

Radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) causes impaired insulin secretion and increased oxidative stress in rat pancreatic islets.

Masoumi A, Karbalaei N, Mortazavi SMJ, Shabani M. · 2018

The Wi-Fi exposure used a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The Wi-Fi exposed group had significantly lower weight gain than controls and developed hyperglycemia. Plasma insulin levels and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islets were significantly reduced, while pancreatic lipid peroxidation increased and GSH, SOD, and GPx activities decreased.

The Protective Effect of Autophagy on DNA Damage in Mouse Spermatocyte- Derived Cells Exposed to 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields

Li R et al. · 2018

This study examined how mouse spermatocyte-derived cells respond to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure at 4 W/kg for 24 hours. The researchers found that RF-EMF exposure induced both DNA damage and autophagy through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, with the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway mediating this autophagy response, and that autophagy activation actually protected cells from DNA damage.

Electromagnetic radiation 2450 MHz exposure causes cognition deficit with mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in rats.

Gupta SK, Mesharam MK, Krishnamurthy S. · 2018

Male rats were exposed to EMR (900, 1800 and 2450 MHz) every day for 1 h for 28 consecutive days. Animals exposed to EMR-2450 MHz exhibited significant cognitive deficits. EMR-2450 MHz caused loss of mitochondrial function and integrity, an increase in amyloid beta expression. There was release of cytochrome-c and activation of apoptotic factors such as caspase-9 and -3 in the hippocampus. Further, there was decrease in levels of acetylcholine, and increase in activity of acetyl cholinesterase, indicating impairment of cholinergic system.

Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats.

Chauhan P, Verma HN, Sisodia R, Kesari KK. · 2017

Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at a power density of 0.2 mW/cm2 for 2 hours a day for 35 days, then examined brain, liver, kidney, testis, and spleen. Significantly high levels of lipid peroxide were found in the liver (p < 0.001), brain (p < 0.004), and spleen (p < 0.006) of exposed rats. Histological changes were also observed in the brain, liver, testis, kidney, and spleen after whole-body microwave exposure, compared to the control group.

Rats exposed to 2.45GHz of non-ionizing radiation exhibit behavioral changes with increased brain expression of apoptotic caspase 3.

Varghese R, Majumdar A, Kumar G, Shukla A. · 2017

Researchers exposed female Sprague Dawley rats to 2.45GHz radiation for 4 hours per day for 45 days and assessed behavioral and oxidative stress parameters. Exposed rats exhibited memory decline and anxiety behavior in the Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, and light-dark box tests. Radiation exposure decreased brain antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione, increased lipid peroxidation, and increased the apoptotic marker caspase 3, while histopathological examination and TNF-α levels showed no significant changes.

Evaluation of the Effect of Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted From Wi-Fi Router and Mobile Phone Simulator on the Antibacterial Susceptibility of Pathogenic Bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli.

Taheri M et al. · 2017

Researchers assessed whether 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiation and 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi router radiation alter the susceptibility of microorganisms to different antibiotics. The study found that exposure to Wi-Fi and RF simulator radiation can significantly alter inhibition zone diameters and growth rates for Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Pure cultures of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were exposed to RF-EMFs from a GSM 900 MHz mobile phone simulator and a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi router.

Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: Influence of maternal restraint

AbstractThe present work investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to radiofrequency waves of conventional WiFi devices on postnatal development and behavior of rat offspring et al. · 2017

Researchers exposed pregnant rats to WiFi radiation (2.45 GHz) for 2 hours daily throughout pregnancy and then tracked their offspring's development. The study found that prenatal WiFi exposure delayed normal brain development during the first 17 days after birth and caused oxidative stress in young rat brains. This suggests that WiFi exposure during pregnancy may harm developing nervous systems.

Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices.

Othman H et al. · 2017

Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 2.45 GHz WiFi signal for two hours daily throughout gestation. Offspring were assessed for physical and neurodevelopment during the first 17 postnatal days, anxiety at 28 days, motor behavior at 40-43 days, and cerebral oxidative stress and cholinesterase activity at 28 and 43 days. Prenatal WiFi exposure impaired early neurodevelopment but did not alter emotional or motor behavior in adulthood. It also increased oxidative stress markers and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities at 28 days but not at 43 days, and affected acetylcholinesterase activity in brain and serum.

Review: Weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phone radiation on plants.

Halgamuge MN. · 2017

The analysis found that 89.9% of studies reported physiological or morphological effects from mobile phone RF-EMF (p < 0.001). Maize, roselle, pea, fenugreek, duckweeds, tomato, onions, and mungbean appeared especially sensitive to RF-EMF.

Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: Influence of maternal restraint.

Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H · 2017

Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 2.45GHz WiFi signals (the same frequency used by most home routers) for 2 hours daily throughout pregnancy, then tested their offspring for developmental and behavioral changes. They found that prenatal WiFi exposure altered physical development and caused anxiety, motor problems, and learning difficulties in the young rats, with effects being more severe when combined with maternal stress. The study also revealed oxidative stress (cellular damage) in the brains of exposed offspring.

The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28288806 -- Hassanshahi A et al. · 2017

This study examined the effects of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi electromagnetic exposure on cognitive function in male rats, specifically testing their ability to recognize objects through vision, touch, and combined sensory modalities. Rats exposed to Wi-Fi radiation for 30 days (12 hours daily) showed impaired discrimination between novel and familiar objects across all recognition tasks tested, and demonstrated increased M1 receptor expression in the hippocampus.

The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats

Hassanshahi A et al. · 2017

Researchers exposed 80 male Wistar rats to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation for 30 days at 12 hours per day. Exposed rats could not discriminate between novel and familiar objects in standard, tactile, visual, and cross-modal object recognition tests. M1 receptor expression increased after Wi-Fi exposure. The researchers concluded that chronic Wi-Fi exposure might impair both unimodal and cross-modal information encoding.

Nouri. Evaluation of the Effect of Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted From Wi-Fi Router and Mobile Phone Simulator on the Antibacterial Susceptibility of Pathogenic Bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli

Abstract Wireless internet (Wi-Fi) electromagnetic waves (2.45 GHz) have widespread usage almost everywhere et al. · 2017

No adverse effects detected for simultaneous whole-body exposure to multiple-frequency radiofrequency electromagnetic fields for rats in the intrauterine and pre- and post-weaning periods.

Shirai T et al. · 2017

Researchers exposed pregnant rats and their offspring to eight radiofrequency signals ranging from 800 MHz to 5.2 GHz. The exposure lasted 20 h per day from gestational day 7 through weaning and continued for offspring up to 6 weeks of age. No abnormal findings were observed in the dams, F1 offspring, or F2 offspring across all evaluated parameters. The study concluded that simultaneous whole-body exposure to these frequencies did not show adverse effects on pregnancy or development.

Radiofrequency radiations induced genotoxic and carcinogenic effects on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) root tip cells.

Qureshi ST, Memon SA, Abassi AR, Sial MA, Bughio FA. · 2017

Researchers exposed dry chickpea seeds to GSM cell phone radiation at 900 MHz and laptop radiation at 3.31 GHz for 24 and 48 hours. Untreated seeds served as a negative control and gamma rays at 250 Gray served as a positive control. All radiofrequency treatments inhibited seed germination, with the 48-hour laptop exposure showing the strongest negative effect. Mitotic index decreased and abnormality index increased as exposure duration and frequency increased. Cell membrane damage, nuclear membrane damage, and ghost cells were observed only after 48 hours of exposure.