Stagg RB, Thomas WJ, Jones RA, Adey WR · 1997
Researchers exposed transformed and normal rat glial cells to an 836.55 MHz packet-modulated RF field at power densities of 0.09, 0.9, and 9 mW/cm2, with SARs from 0.15 to 59 muW/g. Primary rat glial cells showed no significant differences in DNA synthesis between sham and RF-exposed conditions for either log-phase or serum-starved cultures. C6 glioma cells exposed at 5.9 muW/g SAR showed small but significant increases in thymidine incorporation in 38% of experiments. Growth curves showed no differences between sham and RF-exposed cultures for either cell type, and doubling times of C6 glioma cells did not differ significantly.
Vijayalaxmi et al. · 1997
C3H/HeJ mice prone to mammary tumors were exposed to 2450 MHz RF radiation at 1.0 W/kg for 20 hours per day, 7 days a week, over 18 months, with sham-exposed controls and positive controls treated with mitomycin C. The incidence of micronuclei in peripheral blood and bone marrow did not differ significantly between RF-exposed and sham-exposed groups. Positive controls treated with mitomycin C showed significantly elevated micronuclei frequencies. A separate analysis of mice that developed mammary tumors also found no significant differences in micronuclei frequency between exposure groups.
Gos, P, Eicher, B, Kohli, J, Heyer, WD · 1997
Researchers exposed exponentially growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to electromagnetic fields from 41.682 GHz to 41.710 GHz in 2 MHz increments at power densities of 0.5 and 50 microW/cm2. Cell division was assessed by time-lapse photography using two identical chambers that allowed concurrent control and exposure experiments. Control experiments showed the cells were dividing at submaximal rates, ensuring that any increase or decrease in division rate could be observed. No consistently significant differences were found between exposed and unexposed cells across multiple independent experiment series.
Cleary, SF, Cao, G, Liu, LM, Egle, PM, Shelton, KR · 1997
Researchers investigated stress protein induction in HeLa and CHO cells following a 2-hour exposure to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. Cells were exposed under isothermal conditions maintained at 37 ± 0.2 °C. Neither microwave nor RF radiation had a detectable effect on stress protein induction.
Donnellan M, McKenzie DR, French PW · 1997
Researchers exposed a mast cell line, RBL-2H3, to 835 MHz radiation for 20 minutes, three times per day for 7 days at a power density of 8.1 +/- 3 mW/cm2. From day 4 onward, DNA synthesis and cell replication increased, cell morphology changed, and beta-hexosaminidase release was significantly enhanced compared to unexposed cultures. No effects were seen on cytoskeletal protein synthesis or beta-actin mRNA levels. Morphological changes persisted following subculture for at least 7 days in the absence of further exposure.
Donnellan M, McKenzie DR, French PW. · 1997
Researchers exposed immune cells called mast cells to cell phone radiation at 835 MHz for 20 minutes, three times daily for a week. They found that starting on day four, the cells began growing faster, changed shape, and became more reactive to chemical triggers. What's particularly concerning is that these changes persisted for at least a week after the radiation exposure ended, suggesting the effects may be long-lasting.
Jensh RP · 1997
This review examined whether chronic prenatal microwave exposure in rats caused adverse effects at birth or alterations in offspring development and growth. Pregnant rats were exposed throughout pregnancy to continuous wave 915 MHz, 2450 MHz, or 6000 MHz radiation at power density levels of 10, 20, or 35 mW/cm2, respectively. Animals exposed to 915 MHz did not exhibit any consistent significant alterations in any of the parameters measured. Offspring exposed to 6000 MHz showed an initial slight but significant retardation in term weight, delayed eye opening, lower weekly weights that recovered by the fifth week, and changes in water T-maze and open field performance.
Vijayalaxmi, Mohan, N, Meltz, ML, Wittler, MA, · 1997
Vollrath L, Spessert R, Kratzsch T, Keiner M, Hollmann H · 1997
Researchers exposed male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and Djungarian hamsters to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields at 0.1 to 0.6 mW/cm2, continuous or pulsed at 217 Hz, for 15 min to 6 h. At day or night had no notable short-term effect on pineal melatonin synthesis in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and Djungarian hamsters. Pineal synaptic ribbon profile numbers (studied in rats only) were likewise not affected The 900 MHz electromagnetic fields, unpulsed or pulsed at 217 Hz, as applied in the present study, have no short-term effect on the mammalian pineal gland.
Vijayalaxmi, Mohan N, Meltz ML, Wittler MA · 1997
Researchers exposed human blood cells to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation (microwave oven frequency) for 90 minutes and found no genetic damage or changes in cell division. The study tested both continuous and intermittent exposure patterns at power levels similar to some industrial microwave applications.
Vorobyov VV, Galchenko AA, Kukushkin NI, Akoev IG · 1997
Researchers studied averaged EEG frequency spectra in eight unanesthetized adult male rats with chronically implanted electrodes in symmetrical somesthetic areas during intermittent exposure to a weak 945 MHz microwave field amplitude-modulated at 4 Hz. Hemispheric asymmetry showed power decreases in the 1.5-3 Hz range on the left and in the 10-14 and 20-30 Hz ranges on the right hemisphere. No differences between control and exposure were found in averaged spectra over 10 or 1 minute periods. However, significant elevations of EEG asymmetry in the 10-14 Hz range occurred during the first 20 seconds after most microwave field onsets when spectra were averaged every 10 seconds.
Salford LG, Brun A, Persson BRR · 1997
Researchers used Fischer 344 rats of both sexes with implanted glioma cells (RG2 and N32) in a matched-pair design. Starting on day 5 after inoculation, rats were exposed for 7 hours a day, 5 days a week for 2–3 weeks to 915 MHz continuous or pulse-modulated microwaves. The study found no significant difference in tumour size between exposed and control animals. Tumour size was estimated as the volume of an ellipsoid after histopathological examination of all brains.
Nakamura H, Seto T, Nagase H, Yoshida M, Dan S, Ogino K. · 1997
Pregnant rats exposed to microwaves showed a significant reduction in splenic natural killer cell activity, while no such reduction was seen in exposed virgin rats. Corticosterone and ACTH increased, and oestradiol decreased, in both exposed virgin and pregnant rats, while beta-endorphin and progesterone increased significantly only in pregnant rats.
Cain CD, Thomas DL, Adey WR · 1997
The study tested whether a TDMA-modulated RF field and the tumor promoter TPA together increase focus formation of transformed cells cocultured with parental C3H/10T1/2 murine fibroblasts. Cell cultures were exposed to an 836.55 MHz TDMA-modulated field at specific absorption rates of 0.15, 1.5, and 15 μW/g in a repeating cycle of 20 minutes on and 20 minutes off continuously for 28 days. RF exposure did not significantly alter TPA-induced focus formation at any of the tested exposure levels across multiple independent experiments.
Lai H, Carino MA, Singh NP · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz pulsed radiofrequency radiation at a power density of 2 mW/cm2 for 2 hours and then measured DNA double strand breaks in brain cells. The RFR exposure significantly increased DNA double strand breaks in rat brain cells, and the effect was partially blocked by naltrexone treatment. The researchers concluded that endogenous opioids play a mediating role in RFR-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat.
Lai, H, Carino, MA, Singh, NP, · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours and found it caused DNA double strand breaks in brain cells. When they gave the rats naltrexone, a drug that blocks the body's natural opioids, it partially prevented this DNA damage. This suggests the body's own opioid system plays a role in how microwave radiation damages DNA in brain cells.
French PW, Donnellan M, McKenzie DR, · 1997
Researchers exposed a human astrocytoma cell line, U-87 MG, to 835 MHz electromagnetic radiation for 20 min, 3 times per day for 7 days, at power densities of either 40 ± 15 mW cm−2 or 8.1 ± 3 mW cm−2. At the lower power density, the rate of DNA synthesis decreased and the cells flattened and spread out compared to unexposed cultures. At 40 mW cm−2 there were no effects on cell proliferation, but changes in cell shape included increased spreading and the appearance of actin-containing blebs on the membrane.
Lai, H, Carino, MA, Singh, NP · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (similar to WiFi frequencies) for 2 hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells. When they gave the rats naltrexone, a drug that blocks the body's natural opioids, the DNA damage was partially prevented. This suggests that microwave radiation triggers the release of natural opioids in the brain, which then contributes to genetic damage.
Nakamura et al. · 1997
Scientists exposed pregnant and non-pregnant rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz for 90 minutes. Pregnant rats showed weakened immune systems and hormonal changes that didn't occur in non-pregnant rats, suggesting pregnancy increases vulnerability to wireless radiation from everyday devices.
Maes A, Collier M, Van Gorp U, Vandoninck S, Verschaeve L · 1997
Researchers exposed cells to 935.2 MHz microwaves alone and in combination with mitomycin C and found no direct cytogenetic effect. Combined exposure to microwaves followed by mitomycin C produced a very weak effect compared to mitomycin C alone.
Malyapa RS et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed mouse C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts and human glioblastoma U87MG cells to FMCW (835.62 MHz) and CDMA (847.74 MHz) radiation at 0.6 W/kg SAR for up to 24 hours. They used the alkaline comet assay to measure DNA damage. No significant differences were found between exposed cells and sham controls.
Antonopoulos A, Eisenbrandt H, Obe G, · 1997
Human peripheral lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of high-frequency electromagnetic fields of 380, 900 and 1800 MHz. The measured endpoints were cell cycle progression and the frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges. No differences between treated and control cultures could be found.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1996
Researchers investigated single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Rats received acute 2-hour exposure to pulsed or continuous-wave 2450-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation, producing a whole-body average-specific absorption rate of 1.2 W/kg. An increase in both types of DNA strand breaks was observed after exposure to either the pulsed or continuous-wave radiation, with no significant difference between the two forms.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1996
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation for two hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells four hours later. The study suggests RF radiation at these levels can break genetic material in brain cells, potentially affecting cellular repair mechanisms.
Irnich W, Batz L, Muller R, Tobisch R · 1996
