Kim JH, Yu DH, Huh YH, Lee EH, Kim HG, Kim HR. · 2017
Researchers exposed C57BL/6 mice to 835 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 4.0 W/kg for 5 hours per day during 12 weeks. The study found that RF-EMF exposure led to myelin sheath damage and that mice displayed hyperactivity-like behavior. Autophagy-related proteins including LC3B-II and Beclin1 were increased in neuronal cell bodies, and the researchers suggest autophagy may act as a protective pathway during radiofrequency exposure.
Wang H et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed 220 male Wistar rats to a 2.856 GHz radiation source at power densities of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mW/cm² for 6 min/day, 5 days/week, for up to 6 weeks. Rats in the 10 mW/cm² group showed declines in spatial learning and memory and EEG disorders, including decreased EEG frequencies and increased amplitudes and delta wave powers. Changes in the basic structure and ultrastructure of the hippocampus were found in the 10 and 5 mW/cm² groups. The researchers suggested that continuous microwave exposure could cause dose-dependent long-term impairment of spatial learning and memory, and that decreases in NMDAR key subunits and phosphorylation of NR2B might contribute to cognitive impairment.
Wang K et al. · 2017
Researchers examined the effects of a single 30-minute exposure to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on recognition memory in mice, using the novel object recognition task. Exposure at an intensity above 2.2 W/kg SAR produced a significant, density-dependent increase in the recognition memory index, with no corresponding changes in spontaneous locomotor activity. The researchers also found that exposure increased dendritic-spine density and length in hippocampal and prefrontal cortical neurons, and significantly altered neuronal excitability in pyramidal neurons. The SAR used in the study was 3.3 W/kg, which the researchers noted was outside the range encountered in normal daily life.
Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. · 2017
Researchers randomly assigned 24 pregnant albino Wistar rats to four groups: control, WiFi-exposed, restrained, and both WiFi-exposed and restrained. Each WiFi exposure and restraint session lasted 2 hours per day throughout gestation until parturition. Prenatal WiFi exposure and restraint, separately and especially combined, adversely affected offspring physical development, neuromotor maturation, adult emotional responses, motor and exploratory behavior, brain oxidative stress, and serum biochemistry, with most impacts depending on offspring gender.
Bodera P et al. · 2017
Researchers evaluated the effect of repeated 1800 MHz RFR exposure (5 times for 15 min) on NMDA-NR1 expression in rat brains in a persistent inflammatory state. They also measured the effect of RFR combined with tramadol to determine its potential antioxidant capacity. No differences in NMDA-NR1 expression were observed between baseline and RFR-exposed groups. NMDA-NR1 expression decreased after CFA injection combined with RFR exposure, while elevated expression was observed in healthy control rats exposed to RFR with or without tramadol. ORAC assessment revealed a robust effect of RFR, but other experiments showed equivocal effects.
Chandel S, Kaur S, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK · 2017
Researchers exposed onion roots to 2100 MHz electromagnetic field radiation for 1, 2, and 4 hours in a single day. The exposure increased levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion, indicating oxidative stress. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase showed increased activity in response.
Mortazavi SMJ et al. · 2017
Researchers divided 50 rats into five groups and pre-exposed three groups to 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 4 hours daily over one week at low, medium, and high power. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the rats were given a 4 Gy sublethal gamma radiation dose and sacrificed after 5 hours. Pre-exposure increased glutathione levels and glutathione reductase activity in liver, with glutathione increases only in the low power group and glutathione reductase activity increases in both low and medium power groups. The elevated antioxidant levels protected liver tissue from oxidative damage induced by the gamma radiation.
Shahin S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. · 2017
Researchers investigated long-term effects of 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation in stand-by, dialing, and receiving modes on female reproductive function and stress responses in mice. Exposure significantly elevated ROS, NO, lipid peroxidation, total carbonyl content, and serum corticosterone while decreasing antioxidant enzymes in the hypothalamus, ovary, and uterus. Exposed mice showed reduced developing and mature follicles and corpus lutea, along with decreased pituitary gonadotrophins, sex steroids, and expression of steroidogenic and estrogen receptor genes.
Bayat M, Hemati S, Soleimani-Estyar R, Shahin-Jafari A. · 2017
Exposed mice showed 1.5-day and 3.7-day delays in wound healing at stage two. Exposed mice also had higher yeast loads in skin lesions at days 5, 7 and 9 and were more likely to die after systemic Candida challenge, with higher kidney yeast counts.
Mortazavi SMJ et al. · 2017
Iranian researchers exposed rats to 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to microwave ovens) for 4 hours daily over one week, then tested whether this 'primed' their liver cells to better handle a subsequent dose of gamma radiation. They found that low-power RF exposure increased antioxidant enzymes like glutathione, which helped protect liver tissue from oxidative damage when the rats were later exposed to harmful gamma radiation.
Danese E et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed blood samples from 14 healthy volunteers to 900 MHz radiofrequency from a commercial mobile phone for 30 minutes. A control sample was kept away from radiofrequency sources. DNA integrity was measured by analyzing γ-H2AX foci in lymphocytes using immunofluorescence staining. No measure of γ-H2AX foci was significantly influenced by the exposure, and the odds ratio for genetic damage ranged from 0.27 to 1.00.
Park J, Kwon JH, Kim N, Song K · 2017
Researchers exposed HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to 1950 MHz RF-EMF at a SAR of 6 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 3 days. They analyzed mRNA and protein expression of key genes involved in Aβ processing. In HT22 cells, mRNA levels of APP, BACE1, ADAM10 and PSEN1 decreased, while APP mRNA was unchanged in SH-SY5Y cells. Protein expression of APP and BACE1 and secreted Aβ peptide did not differ significantly between exposed and control cells.
Zhang JP et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed adolescent male mice to a 1.8 GHz radiofrequency field for 4 weeks. Depression-like behavior, spatial memory ability, and brain histology did not change obviously after exposure. Anxiety-like behavior increased, and levels of GABA and aspartic acid in the cortex and hippocampus significantly decreased.
Sırav B, Seyhan N · 2016
Turkish researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequencies for 20 minutes and measured how much dye leaked through the blood-brain barrier. They found that both frequencies increased brain barrier permeability in male rats, with 1800 MHz showing stronger effects, while female rats showed different response patterns.
Calvente I et al. · 2016
Calvente I et al. · 2016
Spanish researchers measured radiofrequency radiation around the homes of 123 ten-year-old boys and tested their cognitive abilities and behavior. While most measures showed no effects, boys living in areas with higher RF exposure (though still below safety guidelines) had lower verbal skills and higher rates of anxiety-related behaviors compared to those in lower exposure areas. The researchers cautioned that study limitations prevent drawing definitive conclusions.
Hardell L et al · 2016
Researchers used an exposimeter to measure radiofrequency radiation across 20 bands from 88 to 5,850 MHz at Stockholm Central Railway Station. They recorded 1,669 data points and found a median total exposure of 921 μW/m2 with mean levels varying between 2,817 and 4,891 μW/m2 per walking round. High mean measurements were observed for GSM + UMTS 900 downlink and UMTS 2100 downlink, and almost all levels exceeded the BioInitiative precautionary target of 3–6 μW/m2.
Unknown authors · 2016
Researchers exposed young male rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (WiFi frequency) for 3 hours daily over 30 days and found significant damage to testicular tissue, including increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and reduced sperm production. The antioxidant gallic acid helped protect against these harmful effects when given alongside the radiation exposure.
Unknown authors · 2016
Turkish researchers exposed young male rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (WiFi frequency) for 3 hours daily over 30 days and found significant testicular damage including reduced sperm counts, increased inflammation, and oxidative stress. The natural antioxidant gallic acid provided protective effects against this reproductive harm.
Razavinasab M, Moazzami K, Shabani M. · 2016
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz cell phone radiation for 6 hours daily and then tested their offspring's brain function. The exposed offspring showed reduced brain cell activity in the hippocampus (the brain's memory center) and performed worse on learning and memory tests. This suggests that cell phone exposure during pregnancy may impair brain development in offspring.
Erdem Koç G et al. · 2016
Researchers established seven groups of pregnant rats and exposed some to 900 MHz EMF for 60 minutes per day during the gestation period. After birth, male rat pups were selected and the total number of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal region was counted using the optical fractionator technique. The total number of pyramidal cells in the EMF group was significantly lower than in the control, sham, EMF plus melatonin, and EMF plus omega-3 groups. No difference was observed between any groups in terms of rats' body or brain weights.
Erdem Koç G et al. · 2016
Pregnant rats exposed to cell phone-level radiation (900 MHz) for one hour daily produced offspring with fewer brain cells in the hippocampus, the memory center. However, melatonin and omega-3 supplements during pregnancy prevented this brain damage in the developing babies.
Erdem Koç G et al. · 2016
Turkish researchers exposed pregnant rats to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for one hour daily throughout pregnancy, then examined brain development in their male offspring. They found that prenatal radiation exposure significantly reduced the number of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus (a brain region critical for memory and learning). However, when pregnant rats received protective supplements like melatonin or omega-3 fatty acids alongside the radiation exposure, their offspring's brain development remained normal.
Odacı E et al. · 2016
Turkish researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields (similar to 2G cell phone radiation) for one hour daily during late pregnancy. When the offspring reached 60 days old, males showed significant reproductive damage including reduced sperm quality, increased DNA damage, and widespread cell death in the testicles.
Odacı E et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields (similar to early cell phone frequencies) for one hour daily during late pregnancy. When the offspring reached 60 days old, males showed significantly damaged sperm quality, increased DNA damage, and widespread cell death in their reproductive organs compared to unexposed controls.
