Kojima M et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed one eye each of 43 male pigmented rabbits to microwaves at 300 mW/cm2, either under systemic anesthesia or without anesthesia. Exposed eyes showed miosis, conjunctival congestion, corneal edema, and increased light scattering in the lens, and all of these anterior ocular changes disappeared within a week. Rabbits under systemic anesthesia showed much stronger symptoms, and their ocular temperatures were 2-9 degrees C higher than those without anesthesia.
Busljeta I, Trosic I, Milkovic-Kraus S. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz radiation (WiFi frequency) for 2 hours daily and found it disrupted blood cell production in bone marrow while increasing genetic damage markers. These effects occurred at non-heating power levels, suggesting biological impacts below thermal thresholds.
Trosic I, Busljeta I, Pavicic I. · 2004
Researchers investigated the effect of 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation on blood-forming cells in rats. Rats were exposed to a field power density of 5-10 mW/cm2 and a whole-body average SAR of 1-2 W/kg for 2 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 2, 8, 15, or 30 days. A significant decrease in lymphoblast count was observed at 15 and 30 days, while other examined parameters did not differ significantly from sham-exposed controls.
Ding GR et al. · 2004
Researchers tested whether exposure to an extremely low frequency magnetic field affects hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in human leukaemia HL-60 cells. Simultaneous treatment with the magnetic field and hydrogen peroxide for 24 hours significantly increased the number of apoptotic and necrotic cells compared with cells treated with hydrogen peroxide alone. The researchers found that active caspase-7 protein levels were higher in cells exposed to both the magnetic field and hydrogen peroxide than in those treated with hydrogen peroxide alone, and that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage occurred earlier under combined exposure.
Ramundo-Orlando A, Liberti M, Mossa G, D'Inzeo G. · 2004
Enzyme activity decreased only at 5.6 W/kg, with no response at lower SAR values. When using deglycated ascorbate oxidase without oligosaccharide chains, microwave irradiation caused no enzyme activity changes, indicating the chains are necessary for the effect. Catalytic properties of both enzyme forms were unaffected by microwave exposure in solution or in liposomes, ruling out enzyme conformational changes as a mechanism. The authors concluded that oligosaccharide chains of ascorbate oxidase are critical for microwave effects on lipid membranes.
Zmyślony M et al. · 2004
Unknown authors · 2004
They measured cytoplasmic free calcium using the ratiometric fura-2 technique and mitochondrial membrane potential using the JC-1 probe. Exposure caused a highly significant increase in DNA strand breaks measured by the comet assay. No changes were observed in JC-1 fluorescence or cytoplasmic free calcium compared to sham-exposed cells.
Vorobyov V, Pesic V, Janac B, Prolic Z. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats repeatedly for three days to low-intensity 915 MHz microwaves modulated at 4 Hz and recorded EEG from the somatosensory cortex. Microwave exposure alone significantly enhanced fast EEG rhythms (18-30 Hz), an effect not seen in sham-exposed or radiation-naïve rats. In microwave-exposed rats, scopolamine did not cause the EEG slowing observed in non-exposed rats, and its effect resembled that of physostigmine in naive animals.
Busljeta I, Trosic I, Milkovic-Kraus S. · 2004
The study observed erythropoietic changes in rats subchronically exposed to radiofrequency microwave radiation at a nonthermal level. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous RF/MW fields for 2 hours daily, 7 days a week, at 5 – 10 mW/cm2. In exposed animals, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and haematocrit were increased in peripheral blood on irradiation days 8 and 15. Anuclear cells and erythropoietic precursor cells were significantly decreased in the bone marrow on day 15, while micronucleated cells' frequency was increased.
Trosic I, Busljeta I, Modlic B. · 2004
Researchers used an erythrocyte micronucleus assay to investigate genetic damage in bone marrow red cells of rats exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation. Wistar rats were exposed to a 2.45 GHz continuous field for 2 hours daily, 7 days a week, at a power density of 5–10 mW/cm2, with a whole body average specific absorption rate calculated to be 1.25 ± 0.36 W/kg. Significant differences in polychromatic erythrocytes were found on experimental days 8 and 15, and the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was also significantly increased on day 15. Comparisons after 2, 8, and 30 irradiation treatments did not reveal statistically significant differences between sham-exposed and treated subgroups.
Koyama S et al. · 2004
Researchers tested whether an extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELFMF) could affect mutations caused by hydrogen peroxide in pTN89 plasmids. Mutations were detected in the supF gene carried by the plasmids in Escherichia coli. The mutation frequency was 2.28×10−4 for hydrogen peroxide treatment alone, and 5.81×10−4 when the ELFMF was applied at the same time. No mutations were observed with ELFMF exposure alone, and the researchers indicated that the ELFMF may potentiate hydrogen peroxide-induced mutation.
Lee BC et al. · 2004
Researchers investigated whether a 60 Hz magnetic field could affect the antioxidant defense system in mouse brain by measuring chemiluminescence and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in brain homogenates. A chemiluminescence measure linked to oxidative stress was significantly increased in mice exposed to 60 Hz, 12 G for 3 hours compared to the sham-exposed control group. Brain SOD activity was also significantly increased in the exposed group. The researchers suggest these results indicate the field could deteriorate the antioxidant defensive system through reactive oxygen species other than superoxide radicals.
Rollwitz J, Lupke M, Simkó M · 2004
Researchers studied the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on free radical production in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and monocytes. Exposure to the magnetic fields at a flux density of 1 mT produced a significant increase in free radical production in both cell types. The radicals produced were mainly superoxide anion radicals, found in macrophages at 33% and in their precursor cells at 24%.
Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. · 2004
Rats were tested in a 12-arm radial-maze after daily exposure to 2.45 GHz microwaves for 45 minutes at a SAR of 0.6 W/kg. The performance of exposed rats was comparable to that found in sham-exposed or in naive rats.
Lagroye I et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed C3H 10T½ cells to 2450 MHz CW microwaves at 1.9 W/kg for 2 hours, then irradiated them with 4 Gy gamma rays, and used the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay to detect DNA damage. Ionizing radiation induced significant DNA damage, but microwave exposure alone caused no detectable DNA damage. Microwaves did not impede DNA migration induced by gamma rays, and no evidence of DNA–protein crosslinks or changes in DNA-associated protein was found after microwave exposure.
Ono T et al. · 2004
A possible mutagenic effect of 2.45 GHz radiofrequency exposure was examined using lacZ-transgenic MutaTM mice. Offspring were exposed in utero for 16 hours a day from embryonic day 0 to 15 and examined at 10 weeks of age. Mutation frequencies at the lacZ gene in spleen, liver, brain, and testis were similar to those in non-exposed mice. Sequencing of mutant DNAs showed no appreciable difference in mutation quality between exposed and non-exposed samples.
Unknown authors · 2004
Unknown authors · 2003
Researchers exposed cultured human diploid fibroblasts to intermittent ELF electromagnetic fields. DNA damage was measured using alkaline and neutral comet assays. Exposure at 50 Hz sinusoidal, 1-24 h, 20-1,000 mu T, with a 5 min on/10 min off pattern induced dose-dependent and time-dependent DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks. Effects were observed at magnetic flux densities as low as 35 mu T, well below ICNIRP guidelines. The induced comet tail factors returned to normal within 9 h after exposure ended.
Unknown authors · 2003
Austrian researchers exposed human skin cells to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) and found it caused DNA breaks in both single and double strands. The damage occurred at magnetic field strengths as low as 35 microTesla, well below international safety guidelines, and got worse with higher exposures and longer duration.
Unknown authors · 2003
Austrian researchers exposed human skin cells to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) and found DNA damage occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The damage included both single and double-strand DNA breaks, starting at magnetic field levels as low as 35 microTesla - well below current safety guidelines. This provides laboratory evidence supporting epidemiological studies linking power line EMF exposure to increased cancer risk.
Unknown authors · 2003
This study examined cultured fibroblasts from six donors of varying ages exposed to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 1 mT for 1-24 hours. Basal DNA strand break levels correlated with donor age, with maximum response observed at 15-19 hours of exposure, and this response was more pronounced in cells from older donors.
Huber R et al. · 2003
Weisbrot D, Lin H, Ye L, Blank M, Goodman R. · 2003
Researchers exposed fruit flies to a discontinuous RF signal from a GSM multiband phone at 900/1,900 MHz with SAR approximately 1.4 W/kg for 10 days from egg laying through pupation. The non-thermal radiation increased offspring numbers, elevated hsp70 levels, increased SRE DNA-binding, and induced ELK-1 phosphorylation.
De Mattei M et al. · 2003
Researchers exposed bovine articular cartilage explants to a 75 Hz, 2,3 mT electromagnetic field in vitro, with and without interleukin-1. EMF exposure significantly increased proteoglycan synthesis and residual tissue proteoglycan content compared with controls, without affecting proteoglycan release or nitric oxide production. In interleukin-1-treated explants, EMF increased proteoglycan synthesis and kept tissue proteoglycan content at control levels while not changing proteoglycan release. Lactate production increased in both experimental conditions with EMF exposure.
Kramarenko AV, Tan U. · 2003
Researchers used a 16-channel telemetric electroencephalograph to record EEG changes during exposure of the human skull to EMF from a mobile phone. During exposure, median frequency increased in areas close to the antenna after 10-15 seconds, and slow-wave activity (2.5-6.0 Hz) appeared in contralateral frontal and temporal areas after 20-40 seconds. The slow waves lasted about one second and repeated every 15-20 seconds, and both the slow-wave activity and increased median frequency disappeared after the phone was turned off.
