Elamin AAE, Deniz OG, Kaplan S · 2021
Fifty-four 12-week-old male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into nine groups of six, and the EMF+Cur, EMF+GK, EMF+GA, and EMF groups were exposed to 900MHz EMF for one hour a day for 28 days. Stereological analysis showed a significant decrease in the total number of CA pyramidal neurons in the EMF group compared with control and sham groups. The EMF group also had significantly higher catalase and superoxide dismutase activities than controls.
Yavaş MC, Yegin K, Oruç S, Delen K, Sirav B · 2021
Fourteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a sham-control group and a 2100 MHz exposed group. The exposed rats received GSM-like signals for 5 h/day, 7 days per week for 14 days. Serum total thiol, native thiol, and disulphide levels were higher in the exposed group with p values of 0,219 for total thiol, 0,416 for native thiol and 0,566 for disulphide. Total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index were also higher in the exposed group. The researchers concluded that RF-EMFs did not cause oxidative stress and statistically changes in thiol/disulphide homeostasis.
Delen K et al. · 2021
Elamin AAE, Deniz OG, Kaplan S · 2021
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz cell phone radiation for one hour daily over 28 days and found significant damage to hippocampal brain neurons, including cell death and structural damage. Two natural compounds, curcumin and Garcinia kola, provided protective effects against this brain damage, while gum arabic showed no protection.
Unknown authors · 2021
Researchers exposed primary hippocampal neurons from C57BL/6 mice and Neuro2a cells to 1,800 MHz RF-EMR at a specific absorption rate (SAR) value of 4 W/kg for 48 h. Exposure to 1,800 MHz RF-EMR for 24, 48, and 72 h at 4 W/kg did not influence cell viability. The neurite length, primary and secondary neurite numbers, and branch points of primary mouse hippocampal neurons were significantly impaired by 48-h RF-EMR exposure. The neurite-bearing cell percentage and neurite length of Neuro2a cells were also inhibited by 48-h RF-EMR exposure.
Unknown authors · 2021
Unknown authors · 2021
Researchers exposed T98 and A172 glioblastoma cells to 50 Hz, 70 G electromagnetic fields combined with temozolomide. The combination enhanced cell death and decreased migration potential in both cell lines. The treatment also increased p53 gene expression, decreased cyclin-D1 protein, and led to MGMT protein expression in T98 cells but not in A172 cells.
Unknown authors · 2021
Pregnant Wistar albino rats were exposed to pulsed 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 2.8 mW/cm² for 2 hours daily throughout pregnancy. Male offspring were not exposed after birth and were examined at 75 days of age. Exposed adult rats showed irregular seminiferous tubules, degenerated germ cells, reduced tubule diameter and epithelial height, and increased interstitial space. Exposed rats also had more vacuoles, altered organelles, necrotizing cells, empty spaces between Sertoli and germ cells, and increased lipid droplets in Leydig cells. Fluoro Jade-C and superoxide dismutase 2 positivity were increased in exposed rats.
Unknown authors · 2021
Twenty-one pregnant mice were divided into three groups: control, mobile radiation-exposed, and mobile radiation plus vitamin C at 200 mg/kg. The exposure groups received 900 MHz radiation at 2 watts and a power density of 0.045 μw /cm2 for eight hours per day over ten consecutive days. After five days of rest, blood levels of MDA, 8-OHdG, and total antioxidant capacity were measured. Radiation exposure significantly increased MDA and 8-OHdG and decreased total antioxidant capacity, while vitamin C inhibited the increases in MDA and 8-OHdG.
Unknown authors · 2021
Researchers exposed peripheral blood cells from five male donors to a continuous 900 MHz electromagnetic field for up to 90 minutes. They measured expression of 667 microRNAs using a quantitative PCR array and compared the results to sham and hyperthermia controls. In the initial screening, two miRNAs — miR-194 at 30 minutes and miR-939 at 60 minutes — were down-regulated about two-fold and their p-values survived Bonferroni correction. A repeat experiment two years later found similar overall miRNA expression patterns but could not reproduce the previously identified differentially expressed miRNAs, and the authors concluded that the data do not support early miRNA changes or EMF-responsive individuals.
Unknown authors · 2021
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 900 MHz cell phone radiation for 8 hours daily over 10 days and found significant increases in oxidative stress markers in their blood. The study showed that vitamin C supplementation could prevent this radiation-induced cellular damage, suggesting antioxidants may offer protection against EMF exposure during pregnancy.
Mustafa E, Luukkonen J, Makkonen J, Naarala J · 2021
The researchers investigated the effects of 50 Hz extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on circadian gene expression, DNA damage signaling, and DNA repair after bleomycin treatment. Murine FDC-P1 hematopoietic cells were exposed to 200 μT magnetic fields for 15 minutes, 2 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours. Immediate DNA damage was measured with a comet assay and circadian rhythm gene expression with real-time PCR. Circadian rhythm-related genes were upregulated after 12 hours and downregulated after 24 hours of exposure, but core circadian genes were not affected. The repair rate for bleomycin-induced DNA damage decreased only after 24 hours of magnetic field exposure.
Unknown authors · 2021
Researchers exposed human A172 glioblastoma cells to 1800 MHz continuous-wave or GSM-modulated RF fields at 2.0 W/kg for 5, 30, or 240 minutes with or without serum. They measured phosphorylated and total signal transduction proteins and antioxidant proteins using multiplex bead arrays. In serum-containing cultures, continuous-wave exposure decreased CAT expression after 30 minutes, total JNK at 30 and 240 minutes, STAT3 after 240 minutes, and phosphorylated CREB after 30 minutes. In serum-free cultures, GSM-modulated exposure decreased total STAT5 after 30 and 240 minutes. The authors concluded that the observed changes were sporadic across conditions and likely false positives, with no consistent evidence of changes in antioxidant or signal transduction proteins.
Unknown authors · 2021
Unknown authors · 2021
The study found that exposure to RFID signals at a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg is sufficient to alter serotonin metabolism in rats. This effect occurred regardless of whether the exposure level was considered biohazardous.
Unknown authors · 2021
Both ELF-EMFs and microampere currents significantly reduced long-term potentiation. The effect of 0.1 μA current was similar to 100 Hz/2 mT ELF-EMFs, while 0.2 μA current had a stronger effect than 200 Hz/2 mT ELF-EMFs on high-frequency stimulation LTP.
Unknown authors · 2020
Researchers exposed young adult male Wistar rats to mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic field radiation at 1966.1 MHz, 4.0 mW/cm2, and 0.36 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 16 weeks. Another set of animals was kept under similar conditions without radiation exposure as controls. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were tested for fear memory and then euthanized to measure hippocampal oxidative stress, circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and stress hormones. Exposed rats showed significantly increased hippocampal oxidative stress, elevated levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, increased adrenal gland weight, and higher levels of ACTH and corticosterone. However, changes in contextual fear memory were not statistically significant.
Unknown authors · 2020
Researchers exposed rats to mobile phone radiation (1966.1 MHz) for 2 hours daily over 16 weeks and found significant increases in brain oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and stress hormones. The study demonstrates that chronic cell phone radiation exposure can trigger biological stress responses in the brain and body, even at levels similar to everyday phone use.
Unknown authors · 2020
The study investigated molecular events associated with the synergistic activity of PEMFs and BMP2 on osteogenic differentiation. Human MSCs were exposed to PEMFs at 75 Hz and 1.5 mT in combination with BMP2 at the minimal dose able to induce differentiation. Researchers analyzed changes in BMP signaling pathway gene expression and phosphorylation of downstream proteins including SMAD1/5/8 and MAPK. Results showed synergistic activity on osteogenic differentiation transcription factors and markers, with increased BMP2, BMP6, and BMP type I receptor gene expression and activation of SMAD1/5/8 and p38 MAPK.
Unknown authors · 2020
Researchers exposed N9 microglial and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to ELF-modulated 935 MHz RF-EMF at 4 W/kg for 2 and 24 hours. Exposure for 24 hours increased the autophagy marker ATG5, but did not change LC3B-I, LC3B-II, or pERK in either cell type. A transient increase in glutathione was observed only in SH-SY5Y cells, while hydrogen peroxide and cytochrome c oxidase were unaffected. Apoptosis, living cell number, and apoptosis-inducing factor were not altered by exposure at either duration.
Gulati et al. · 2020
Researchers compared genotoxic effects of three UMTS frequency channels used by 3G phones (1923, 1947.47, and 1977 MHz) in human lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes were exposed for 1 hour and 3 hours and tested for ROS, DNA damage, TP53 mutations, preleukemic fusion genes, and apoptosis. No effects were seen on ROS, apoptosis, preleukemic fusion genes, or TP53 mutations at any frequency, though bulk RNA expression was inhibited. A small but statistically significant increase in DNA damage occurred depending on the UMTS frequency channel, with the maximum effect at 1977.0 MHz.
Unknown authors · 2020
The study used 32 adult male BALB/c mice divided into four groups: control, melatonin (2 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 30 consecutive days), RF-EMR exposure (900 MHz, 100 to 300 MT, 54 to 160 W/m, 4 hours per day whole body), and melatonin plus RF-EMR. After exposure, researchers evaluated oxidative stress parameters, testosterone level, and testicular histopathology. RF-EMR exposure induced oxidative stress, testicular tissue damage, and decreased testosterone. Melatonin treatment improved oxidative stress parameters (MDA and GSH), testis injury score, increased germinal epithelial thickness and seminiferous tubule diameter, and decreased testosterone in EMR-exposed mice, with significant differences (p < .05).
Unknown authors · 2020
The study aimed to investigate the effects of 900 MHz EMF exposure (60 min/day for 28 days) on rat testis and to determine whether thymoquinone (10 mg/kg/day) reduced the deleterious effect. EMF exposure significantly decreased primary spermatocytes, spermatids, Leydig cells, serum testosterone, and testis weight compared to controls. Thymoquinone treatment significantly increased primary spermatocyte numbers compared to EMF alone.
Gulati et al. · 2020
Researchers exposed human immune cells to three different 3G cell phone frequencies (1923, 1947, and 1977 MHz) for 1-3 hours to test for DNA damage and cellular stress. They found small but significant DNA damage that varied by frequency, with 1977 MHz causing the most harm, while other cellular damage markers remained unchanged.
Unknown authors · 2020
Researchers exposed male mice to 900 MHz mobile phone radiation for 4 hours daily and found it caused testicular damage, oxidative stress, and decreased testosterone levels. However, when mice were also given melatonin supplements, the hormone significantly reduced these harmful effects. This suggests melatonin's antioxidant properties may help protect reproductive health from cell phone radiation exposure.
