EMF Research Studies

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY ON INTERACTION BETWEEN NEAR-ZONE EM FIELD OF CB-RADIO ANTENNA AND HUMAN BODY

Unknown authors

Do Continuous Low-Level Millimeter Waves Alter Excimer Fluorescence in Natural and Model Membranes?

Shirley Motzkin, Julie Feinstein, Zhimeng Lu

MODIFICATION OF MICROWAVE BIOLOGICAL END-POINTS BY INCREASED RESTING METABOLIC HEAT LOAD IN RATS

Unknown authors

BIOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS OBSERVED UNDER MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

A. DEFICIS, J.C. DUMAS, S. LAURENS

REVIEW OF WORK ACCOMPLISHED AT THE NEW ENGLAND INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH

A. A. Teixoira-Pinto, John I. Cutler, John H. Heller

ELECTRONICS AND THE LIVING PLANT

L. George Lawrence

Comments on ANSI-C95 Document Research Needed for Establishing Electromagnetic Radiation Safety Standards

Sol M. Michaelson

Michaelson states that the 10 mW/cm² standard was proposed by Herman Schwan for the US Navy based on heat production calculations for a 70 kg man. He notes that USSR and East European limits are misrepresented as a single 10 μW/cm² value when higher levels are allowed for various exposure durations. Michaelson points out that the US Air Force found no increased cataract incidence in servicemen over 20 years.

SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATES MEASURED IN RATS AND MICE EXPOSED TO 2450, 425 or 100 MHz RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION

Unknown authors

Researchers measured whole-body specific absorption rates in single mice and rats exposed to 2450 MHz, 425 MHz, or 100 MHz radiation using twin-well calorimetry. Exposures were performed in three orientations relative to the fields and for three animal weight ranges per species. The 2450 MHz exposures were conducted in an anechoic chamber in the far field, while 425 MHz and 100 MHz exposures used TEM transmission lines (Crawford cells). Measured SAR values were in reasonable agreement with the Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook values but tended to be greater by a factor of 2 and as high as a factor of 4.

Tissue Temperature as a Consideration in the Development of Radiofrequency Exposure Standards

R. A. Tell, F. Harlen

The authors used dosimetric and thermoregulatory data to develop a rationale for thermally based RF exposure safety standards limiting both core and local tissue temperature rise to 1°C. They found that if local tissue temperature rise is limited to 1°C, the rectal temperature rise is automatically limited to 0.05°C. The permissible exposure levels are frequency dependent with a minimum of 1.6 mW/cm² in the body resonance region (30-300 MHz) and 10 mW/cm² for frequencies above 2 GHz. Data show these limits need not be modified for most heat stressing environmental conditions.

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE OF MICE EXPOSED TO CONTINUOUS OR PULSED WAVE 425-MHZ RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION

Unknown authors

Female BALB/c mice were exposed to continuous-wave or pulsed-wave 425-MHz radiation in a TEM transmission line for one hour per day over five consecutive days, with sham-exposed controls. Continuous-wave exposures used power densities of 39, 10, and 2.5 mW/cm², while pulsed-wave exposures used 9, 2.5, and 0.63 mW/cm² with a 1 msec pulse at 250 pulses per second. Mice exposed to pulsed-wave at 9.0 mW/cm² showed increased colonic temperature, but continuous-wave at 39 mW/cm² did not, and peripheral blood cell counts were unchanged. The primary immune response to sheep red blood cells, measured by plaque-forming cell and hemagglutination assays, did not differ between sham and exposed groups or between continuous-wave and pulsed-wave exposures.

ALTERATION OF REPEATED ACQUISITION IN RATS BY MICROWAVE RADIATION

Unknown authors

Researchers examined the acute effects of pulsed 2800 MHz microwave radiation on repeated acquisition learning in three rats. Rats were exposed for 30 minutes to five power densities (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mW/cm²) before test sessions.

ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITIES AND ASSOCIATED INDUCED BODY CURRENTS IN MAN IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO A 50 KW AM STANDARD BROADCAST STATION

Unknown authors

The wave impedance dropped to less than half the far-field value of 377 ohms at distances under 150 m. Body current was measured by placing a person on a ground plane 15 cm above earth and detecting voltage across a known resistor. Measured body currents showed excellent agreement with theoretical values from a prolate spheroidal model of a human on a conductive ground plane.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF TISSUE EQUIVALENT BOLUS FOR MICROWAVE HYPERTHERMIA

Unknown authors

Liquid bolus made from saline and ethanol and gel-like bolus made from saline, polyethylene, and TX150 were developed for clinical microwave hyperthermia. Electrical properties of these materials were measured at frequencies from 1 to 10 GHz and temperatures from 25 to 45°C using short-circuited waveguides and a short monopole impedance sensor. The measurement system was validated against published data with better than 4% agreement.

TERATOLOGY IN RATS EXPOSED TO 2450 MHZ MICROWAVES AT INTENSE AND INTERMEDIATE DOSE RATES

Unknown authors

Forty dams were exposed to 2450 MHz microwaves at 31 mW/g or 17 mW/g for 20 minutes on gestational days 8, 10, 12, or 14, while eight received sham exposures and eight served as cage controls. In the 31 mW/g group, 30% of implantations were resorbed and 17% of fetuses had abnormalities, compared to lower rates in other groups. Fetal body mass decreased at 31 mW/g, and fetal brain mass was affected by treatment condition and gestational day.

EXPOSURE OF PREGNANT MICE TO 2.45 GHz MICROWAVE RADIATION

Unknown authors

Handling alone lowered pregnancy rate from 86 percent to 72 percent during days 1-6, with further drops to 65 percent at 21 mW/cm2 and 50 percent at 30 mW/cm2, while heated controls showed no extra decrease. Congenital malformations increased significantly only at 30 mW/cm2 during days 6-15, rising from 1.7 percent to 3.1 percent, with two-thirds being cleft palate.

EFFECTS OF MILLIMETER WAVE IRRADIATION ON MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Unknown authors

Researchers irradiated freshly prepared rat liver mitochondria at 8.58 mm (35 GHz) and at 40 discrete wavelengths between 5.00 and 6.00 mm (60 to 50 GHz) to evaluate effects on oxidative phosphorylation. The study found no significant effect of millimeter wave irradiation on oxidative phosphorylation.

MICROWAVE MODIFICATION OF THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOR: THRESHOLD AND SUPRATHRESHOLD EFFECTS

Unknown authors

Adult male squirrel monkeys were restrained in an anechoic chamber and trained to select between 15°C and 55°C air temperatures, then exposed to 2450 MHz CW microwaves at incident power densities from 1 to 22 mW/cm². At 6-8 mW/cm² the monkeys significantly reduced their selected air temperature, a threshold corresponding to a whole-body SAR of 1.1 W/kg. Infrared radiation of equal incident energy did not produce a comparable reduction, suggesting microwaves stimulate internal thermoreceptors while infrared stimulates skin receptors. At 22 mW/cm² the preferred air temperature was lowered by up to 4°C while skin and rectal temperatures remained stable.

DUAL ACTIONS OF MICROWAVES ON SERUM CORTICOSTERONE IN RATS

Unknown authors

Fifty-eight male Long-Evans rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous-wave microwaves for four hours at power densities of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 25, and 40 mW/cm². Rats exposed to 0.1 and 1 mW/cm² had significantly lower serum corticosterone than sham-exposed rats, while rats exposed to 40 mW/cm² had significantly higher levels, and no changes occurred at 10 and 25 mW/cm². Colonic temperature increased significantly at 10, 25, and 40 mW/cm² but not at lower intensities.

RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION EXPOSURE STANDARDS

Unknown authors

A COMPARISON OF ELECTRICALLY SHORT BARE AND INSULATED PROBES FOR MEASURING THE LOCAL RADIO FREQUENCY ELECTRIC FIELD IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Glenn S. Smith

The paper discusses problems in measuring local electric fields in media with spatially inhomogeneous electrical properties like biological tissue. Simple theoretical analyses describe the operation of electrically short hare and insulated electric field probes in a dissipative medium.

Effects of currents of different parameters on the CNS during EA

K. I. Kuz'mina, N.P. Irodova, L. Yu. Rabichev

Kuz'mina and Irodova reported effects of currents on the CNS during EA and developed a "Mix" procedure with three currents of different frequencies and shapes. They reportedly obtained superior results compared to conventional EA procedures using pulse current plus bias or interference current.

LASERS AND MICROWAVES Part II LASERS

William T. Ham, Jr., A. M. Clarke

ANALYSIS OF MAGNETICALLY-INDUCED POTENTIALS AND CURRENTS AROUND THE ASCENDING AORTA

Y. Kinouchi, Y. Kubo, T. Ushita, T.S. Tenforde

The model solved simultaneous equations for blood flow velocity distribution and induced electric fields. With a 1 Tesla field and peak aortic flow of 60 cm/s, the induced potential on the thoracic surface near the breasts was about 1 mV, large enough to appear on an electrocardiogram. Induced current densities were about 0.05 A/m² on the vascular wall and 0.02 A/m² 1 cm from the aorta, far below the 1.7 A/m² ventricular fibrillation threshold.

PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE OF RATS TO HYPERTHERMIA INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO 2450 MHZ MICROWAVE RADIATION

Phillips, Richard D., Hunt, Evans L., King, Nancy W.

EFFETS BIOLOGIQUES DES RAYONNEMENTS ELECTROMAGNETIQUES U.H.F. (radars)

R. JOLY, B. SERVANTIE