Pacific Measurements Inc
This technical report describes the Model 1038 swept frequency measurement system developed by Pacific Measurements Inc for RF power and electromagnetic field measurements. The system uses swept frequency technology to measure radiofrequency signals across multiple frequencies with GPIB computer control. While this is an equipment specification document rather than health research, such measurement systems are essential tools for accurately assessing EMF exposure levels.
Leonard L. Libber, Thomas C. Rozzell
This technical report examined potential biological effects of SANGUINE, a proposed U.S. Navy extremely low frequency (ELF) system that, if built, would communicate with submerged submarines from a single transmitter site in the United States. The study set out to determine whether the ELF fields of the proposed system could have any effect on the biological species in the environment. This research was part of early efforts to understand health implications of large-scale military ELF installations.
Vogt, A.
This early research by Vogt measured how infrared radiation passes through different parts of the human eye, including the eyeball itself, its internal structures, and the eyelid. The study examined the eye's transparency to infrared energy, which is relevant to understanding how electromagnetic radiation interacts with one of our most sensitive organs. This foundational work helped establish how the eye responds to non-visible electromagnetic radiation.
Goro Matsumoto
This conference paper by Matsumoto examined the biological effects of microwave radiation on living organisms, focusing on both thermal (heating) and non-thermal effects. The research investigated radar hazards and how microwave exposure impacts biological systems. This type of foundational research helps establish the scientific basis for understanding microwave radiation's health effects.
Rutger Wever
This research by Wever examined how electric fields influence human circadian rhythms, the internal biological clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles and other daily functions. The study investigated whether exposure to electric fields can act as a zeitgeber (external time cue) that affects our natural 24-hour biological patterns. This research is significant because it explores how man-made electromagnetic environments might disrupt our fundamental biological timing systems.
William C. Milroy, Terence C. O'Grady, Eric T. Prince
This review examined the potential biological effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) radiation, which produces intense, brief bursts of electromagnetic energy. The author found limited data available on biological impacts, with most concern stemming from lack of research rather than documented harmful effects. The study called for more research to understand potential health risks from EMP exposure.
Р. В. Братковский
This early Russian research examined the biological effects of ultra-high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic fields on living systems. The study found that UHF electromagnetic fields represent a new class of environmental biological factors that can affect biological structures. The research highlighted the growing body of experimental and clinical evidence showing biological responses to these fields.
S. Hopfer
This technical research developed an ultra-broadband probe capable of measuring RF radiation across a wide range of frequencies using resistive strip antenna technology. The probe was designed to provide accurate measurements of microwave and other RF emissions from various sources. This type of measurement technology is essential for assessing actual EMF exposure levels in our environment.
Habib Massoudi, Carl H. Durney, Curtis C. Johnson
Researchers compared two mathematical models for calculating specific absorption rate (SAR) - how much radiofrequency energy human and monkey bodies absorb from electromagnetic waves. They found that both the 'conductor' and 'dielectric' models produce similar SAR calculations when tissues have high electrical conductivity, but the conductor model becomes inaccurate at low conductivity levels.
D.M. Deffenbaugh, R.J. Spiegel, J.R. Mann
Researchers developed a sophisticated computer model to predict how the human body heats up when exposed to electromagnetic fields. The model divided the body into thousands of small cells with different tissue properties and calculated thermal responses including metabolism, blood flow, and sweating. This represents an important advance in understanding how EMF exposure translates into measurable biological effects.
Unknown authors
This technical report analyzed total average radiated power from RF sources, examining power density patterns and safe distance calculations around antenna areas. The research focused on measuring how electromagnetic energy spreads from transmitting antennas and determining appropriate exposure limits based on power output.
Jacques ERRERA
This early research by Jacques Errera examined how high-frequency radio waves (Hertzian waves) behave in colloidal media - substances with particles suspended in liquid, like biological tissues. The study investigated how these electromagnetic fields interact with molecular structures and cause dielectric effects. This foundational work helped establish our understanding of how radio frequency energy penetrates and affects complex biological systems.
Howard E. Clark
This technical report by Howard Clark examines United States government activities and policies related to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMF) safety programs. The document reviews how federal agencies coordinate radiation protection efforts for the general public and workers exposed to EMF sources like radio waves, microwaves, and power lines.
Edward H. Grant, Susan E. Keefe, Shin Takashima
Researchers studied how bovine serum albumin (a common protein) responds to radiowave and microwave frequencies from 200 to 10,000 MHz. They discovered that water molecules bind to proteins in a way that creates measurable electrical changes when exposed to these frequencies. This finding helps explain how biological tissues interact with electromagnetic fields at the cellular level.
A. R. Hart, D. W. McQuitty, N. K. Wagner
This technical report examined how radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation affects microelectronic components like transistors, focusing on susceptibility and failure mechanisms. The research investigated how RF fields can interfere with or damage sensitive electronic devices. This work helps understand how electromagnetic radiation impacts the technology we rely on daily.
Claire Van Ummersen
This study examined how 2450 MHz microwave radiation affects developing chick embryos, focusing on potential developmental abnormalities. The research specifically investigated whether microwave exposure could cause cataracts or lens damage during embryonic development. This early research helped establish that microwave radiation can interfere with normal biological development processes.
Allan H. Frey
Researchers exposed frog hearts to UHF radar energy synchronized with their heartbeats, finding that timing the radiation pulses with specific parts of the cardiac cycle (the R wave) produced significant effects on heart function. This early study demonstrated that radar frequencies can directly influence cardiac rhythm when precisely timed with natural electrical activity.
Unknown authors
This technical report compared different electromagnetic field exposure standards used by various organizations including ANSI, NIOSH, and Soviet authorities. The analysis examined how different countries and agencies set safety limits for radiofrequency radiation, focusing on power density measurements and specific absorption rates. Understanding these regulatory differences helps explain why EMF safety standards vary dramatically worldwide.
Unknown authors
Researchers tested whether 60 Hz electrical fields (the frequency used in North American power systems) affect motor coordination and balance in rats using specialized equipment called a rotorod. The study found measurable differences between rats exposed to these electrical fields and control rats, suggesting that power frequency EMF exposure may impact basic motor functions.
Unknown authors
This research examined how direct current (DC) magnetic fields affected the heart rhythms of laboratory rats and dogs by measuring changes in their electrocardiograms (ECGs). The study specifically looked at alterations in T wave patterns, which reflect the heart's electrical recovery phase between beats. This type of cardiovascular research helps scientists understand how magnetic field exposure might influence heart function in mammals.
Unknown authors
Researchers exposed Japanese quail embryos (8-13 days old) to 2450 MHz microwave radiation at various power levels to measure heart rate changes. Despite testing exposure levels from 0.3 to 30 mW/g using both pulsed and continuous waves, they found no effect on embryonic heart rate. The study confirmed that temperature changes affected heart rate, but the electromagnetic exposure itself did not.
Unknown authors
Researchers examined how Earth's natural electrical field changes throughout the day and seasons, finding connections between solar energy patterns, thunderstorm activity, and the planet's atmospheric electrical gradient. The study explored how continental and ocean surfaces absorb solar radiation differently, affecting global electrical phenomena. This research helps us understand natural electromagnetic variations in our environment.
Unknown authors
Researchers investigated how CB radio antennas operating at 27 MHz create electromagnetic fields that couple with the human body when operators are in close proximity. The study examined both the electric fields generated inside a human body model and how this coupling affects the antenna's electrical properties. This research addresses growing public health concerns about CB radio exposure, particularly given the popularity of these devices and evidence that some operators use illegally high power levels.
Unknown authors
This study examined the effects of 2450 MHz microwave radiation on testicular cells and sperm development in laboratory mice. Researchers analyzed cellular changes in reproductive tissue following microwave exposure. The study appears to have found no significant effects on testicular function or sperm production.
A. DEFICIS, J.C. DUMAS, S. LAURENS
This conference paper examined biological changes in Swiss mice exposed to microwave radiation, focusing on effects to nervous system function and immune responses. The research investigated how microwave irradiation altered normal biological processes, including nerve conduction and immune system activity. This type of foundational research helps establish the biological mechanisms through which microwave radiation affects living systems.
