Kjell Hansson Mild, Ronnie Lundström, Bertil Nordström · 1978
This 1978 Swedish technical report describes the development of specialized instruments to measure both electric and magnetic field components of radiofrequency radiation in workplace environments. The researchers created an E-field meter for frequencies between 10-100 MHz and power densities up to 1000 W/m², plus an H-field meter for 10-60 MHz frequencies capable of measuring up to 3 A/m at 27 MHz.
Lawrence E. Larsen, John H. Jacobi · 1978
This 1978 technical study developed a microwave imaging system to examine biological targets using microwave radiation. Researchers used specialized antennas and scanning methods to create images of different materials, arguing that microwaves could reveal unique features in biological tissues that other imaging methods might miss.
H. Bassen, J. Sing · 1978
This 1978 technical paper describes a safety control system designed to protect workers in high-power RF and microwave research facilities. The system uses fail-safe detectors, warning lights, and automatic shutoffs to prevent accidental human exposure to dangerous radiation levels. This represents early recognition of RF radiation hazards in occupational settings.
A. MAMOUMI, F. BLOT, Y. LEROY, E. CONSTANT, Y. MOSCHETTO · 1978
This 1978 French study explored using microwave radiometry at 9 GHz to measure tissue temperature beneath the skin for medical diagnosis. The researchers developed a passive, non-invasive method that could detect temperature changes several centimeters deep, potentially useful for identifying breast tumors and studying rheumatic conditions.
Unknown authors · 1978
This 1978 technical report examined microwave and radiofrequency radiation's biological effects, focusing on both thermal (heating) and non-thermal effects on living systems. The research contributed to developing exposure standards during a critical period when scientists were establishing safety guidelines for RF technology. This work helped shape our understanding of how microwave radiation interacts with biological tissue beyond simple heating effects.
Unknown authors · 1978
This 1978 European Microwave Conference proceedings document covered technical advances in microwave technology, including millimeter wave applications, gallium arsenide field-effect transistors (GaAsFETs), and fuel cell systems. The conference represented a snapshot of microwave engineering developments that would later become foundational to wireless communication technologies we use today.
QUIRINO BALZANO, OSCAR GARAY, FRANCIS R. STEEL · 1978
Researchers tested how much radiofrequency energy from 800 MHz portable radio transmitters gets absorbed into simulated human tissue, particularly near the head. They found that different antenna designs create "hot spots" about 1 inch below the temporal bone, with some antennas exposing the eye area to higher energy levels. The temperature increases were small enough that researchers concluded normal radio use shouldn't cause thermal tissue damage.
Q. BALZANO, O. GARAY, F.R. STEEL · 1978
This 1978 study compared how electromagnetic energy from portable radios deposits in human tissue at two frequencies: 450 MHz and 800-900 MHz. Researchers found that higher frequencies (800-900 MHz) concentrate more energy in surface tissue layers, while the shape of the human head creates a focusing effect that drives energy deeper into brain tissue at these higher frequencies.
ROBERT C. BECK · 1978
This 1978 technical report by Beck documented instrumentation methods for detecting and analyzing extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic signals from both natural sources like lightning and man-made sources like power systems. The research also explored techniques for recording human brainwave patterns and their potential interactions with environmental ELF fields.
A. MAMOUNI, Y. LEROY, Y. HOUDAS, Y. MOSCHETTO · 1978
Researchers in 1978 developed a passive microwave sensor operating at 9 GHz to measure subcutaneous (under the skin) temperatures in living tissues without invasive procedures. The study tested this radiometric method on animals and humans, comparing it to traditional skin temperature measurements during physical activity. The findings showed significant differences between subcutaneous and surface skin temperatures, demonstrating the value of this non-invasive approach for studying how the body regulates temperature.
Z. Glaser, R. Curtis · 1978
This 1978 technical report documented radiofrequency field intensity measurements at a commercial FM/TV broadcast tower in El Paso, Texas, focusing on occupational exposure levels for workers. The study represents early efforts to quantify RF exposure levels at broadcast facilities, which can emit extremely high power levels that may pose health risks to maintenance workers and nearby residents.
Unknown authors · 1978
This 1978 Air Force standard established occupational exposure limits for radiofrequency radiation to protect military personnel from RF health risks. The document set permissible exposure levels and safety protocols for workers handling RF equipment. This represents early military recognition that RF radiation posed measurable health risks requiring formal protection standards.
P.A. Neukomm · 1978
Researchers in 1978 studied body-mounted antennas used for medical telemetry, examining radiation patterns and safety concerns when transmitters are placed directly on human subjects. The study found that biological effects from RF exposure are possible and identified optimal frequencies between 75-150 MHz for body-mounted devices. This early research highlighted safety considerations for wearable medical monitoring technology.
Unknown authors · 1978
This 1978 FCC document proposed regulations for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment that generates radiofrequency energy, including microwave ovens, industrial heating systems, and medical diathermy devices. The rules aimed to control RF interference from these powerful electromagnetic sources while establishing safety and operational standards.
J. M. Osepchuk · 1978
This 1978 review examined microwave leakage from consumer microwave ovens manufactured to meet government emission standards. The study found that typical leakage values were well below even the most conservative exposure standards worldwide, with field surveys showing the overwhelming majority of certified ovens leaked well below permissible limits. The research concluded that microwave ovens were safe and becoming increasingly regulated with better leakage suppression techniques.
S. M. Bawin, W. R. Adey, I. M. Sabbot · 1978
Researchers exposed isolated chicken brain tissue to radiofrequency fields modulated at brain wave frequencies and found increased calcium release from cells. The calcium response depended on specific chemical conditions in the surrounding solution, particularly bicarbonate and hydrogen ion levels. This suggests that weak electromagnetic fields can trigger biological responses in brain tissue through specific binding sites.
Donald M. Witters, Jr., Gideon Kantor, Ph. D. · 1978
This 1978 government research mapped the electric field patterns produced by microwave diathermy devices used in medical therapy. The study measured how these therapeutic microwave applicators distribute electromagnetic energy in free space around the treatment area. This work helped establish safety protocols for medical microwave equipment that delivers concentrated RF energy to patients.
QUIRINO BALZANO, OSCAR GARAY, FRANCES R. STEEL · 1978
Researchers tested how VHF portable radio transmitters heat human tissue using realistic phantom models of the head and body. They found that despite high field measurements near the antenna, actual tissue heating was minimal (less than 0.1°C) because the radio waves don't penetrate effectively into biological tissue. The only health risk occurs if someone places the antenna tip directly against their eye.
Quirino Balzano, Oscar Garay, Frances R. Steel · 1978
Researchers tested how VHF portable radio transmitters heat human tissue using realistic phantom models of muscle, fat, bone, and brain. They found that actual tissue heating was much lower than expected because the radio's antenna creates static fields that collapse at the air-body interface due to human tissue's electrical properties. This discovery helped explain why early field measurements overestimated potential heating effects.
Unknown authors · 1978
This 1978 government report examined health effects from radio frequency and microwave radiation exposure, representing part of a comprehensive official assessment of RF and microwave health risks. As the second part of a multi-part series, this document contributed to early government understanding of electromagnetic radiation's biological impacts during a period of growing concern about RF exposure.
Leo E. Gerweck, Peggy Burlett · 1978
Researchers tested how heat and X-ray radiation affected the survival of three different cell types, including human brain tumor cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells. They found no correlation between how sensitive cells were to heat versus radiation damage. Cells that were highly sensitive to one type of damage weren't necessarily sensitive to the other.
R.P. Liburdy · 1978
Scientists exposed mice to 2.5 GHz microwave radiation and found it dramatically altered how immune cells moved through the body. The radiation caused immune cells to get trapped in lungs, prevented them from reaching the spleen, and forced more cells into bone marrow than normal. This suggests microwave exposure disrupts the immune system's ability to function properly.
Unknown authors · 1978
Researchers exposed mice to 2.5 GHz microwave radiation at high intensity (30 mW/cm²) for 30 minutes, then tested whether their blood serum and immune cells could better fight cancer. The study found that serum and lymphocytes from microwave-exposed mice showed enhanced ability to destroy transplanted tumor cells. This suggests microwave exposure may boost certain immune system functions.
Z. Glaser, R. Curtis · 1978
This 1978 technical report documented radiofrequency field intensity measurements at a commercial FM/TV broadcasting tower in El Paso, Texas. The study focused on occupational exposure levels for workers at the transmission facility, providing early data on RF field strengths around high-power broadcast antennas.
Lin JC · 1977
This 1977 study by Lin analyzed how pulsed microwave radiation can cause people to hear sounds that appear to come from inside their head. Using mathematical modeling, researchers showed that microwave energy creates tiny temperature changes in the head that generate acoustic waves, explaining the 'microwave hearing' phenomenon observed in humans and laboratory animals.
