Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed adult zebrafish to 4 hours of RF-EMR daily from a 4G Wi-Fi router for 30 days. After exposure, the fish were bred on days 10, 20, and 30, and the resulting embryos were raised without EMF and examined up to 10 days post-fertilization. Histopathology showed testicular and ovarian abnormalities in exposed adults, while their offspring exhibited increased mortality, morphological malformations, and anxiety-like behavior at 10 days post-fertilization.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers evaluated the impact of 2.45GHz Wi-Fi radiation exposure for 4 hours daily over a consecutive 30-day period on neurobehavioral and brain oxidative stress parameters in adult zebrafish. Post-exposure assessments revealed significant neurobehavioral impairments, altered locomotion, decreased neurotransmitter levels (AChE), and increased oxidative stress.
Balmori-de la Puente A, Balmori A · 2024
The paper reviews types and causes of cetacean strandings, focusing on mass strandings lacking a direct scientific explanation. The authors propose that anthropogenic radiofrequency radiation from military and meteorological radars may cause strandings in areas with powerful radars. They searched accessible databases of military and meteorological radars worldwide and reviewed research articles on mass live strandings to find temporal or spatial patterns. The data showed certain patterns of spatial and temporal evidence in stranding concentrations along the coast after radar setup and described how radars may interfere with cetacean echolocation. Plausible mechanisms such as interference with echolocation systems or pulse communication systems are proposed.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers examined RF-EMR effects on zebrafish embryos exposed during the 4-58 hours post-fertilization phase. Temporary neuroanatomical enlargements and minor behavioral shifts were observed, diminishing by day 8 post-fertilization. Short-term RF-EMR exposure at tested levels did not yield significant long-term effects.
Torres-Ruiz M et al. · 2024
Researchers exposed zebrafish embryos to unmodulated 700 MHz and 3500 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 1 and 4 hours during the blastula period and assessed outcomes up to 120 hours post fertilization. The exposure did not affect mortality, hatching, or body length, but caused specific organ morphological changes and lasting behavioral alterations in activity, anxiety-like behavior, and habituation. Effects were stronger at 700 MHz, particularly after 4 hours of exposure, and acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced.
Unknown authors · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed zebrafish embryos to mobile phone radiation at 1800 MHz and 1.13 W/kg for 1 hour daily over 5 days, starting at 1, 6, or 24 hours post-fertilization. No significant changes were observed in survival rate, morphology, oxidative stress, or cortisol levels across any exposure group. However, embryos exposed from 1 hour post-fertilization showed statistically significant reductions in distance travelled and increased yolk sac area compared to controls.
Unknown authors · 2023
Researchers placed juvenile lumpfish in an artificial magnetic field gradient generated by a Helmholtz coil system at 230 µT for 30 minutes. Swimming speed decreased by 16% when the field was on, but overall activity and distance travelled did not change. The authors concluded that such a speed reduction near HVDC cables is unlikely to significantly affect lumpfish migration or homing.
Unknown authors · 2023
Researchers exposed zebrafish embryos to an 11.4 Tesla UHF from 6 to 24 hours post fertilization and assessed development over five days. No significant effects were observed on embryo mortality, hatching rate, body length, left-right patterning, or locomotor behavior. RNA sequencing revealed upregulation of TNF inflammatory factors and activation of TNF signaling pathways, which was confirmed by qPCR.
Guo et al. · 2023
Researchers exposed zebrafish embryos at 3 hours post-fertilization to a 50-Hz magnetic field at intensities of 100, 200, 400, and 800 μT for 1 hour or 24 hours daily over 5 days. Magnetic field exposure did not affect basic development parameters including hatching rate, mortality, and malformation rate. Exposure to 200 μT magnetic field significantly induced spontaneous movement hypoactivity in zebrafish larvae. Histological examination revealed brain morphological abnormalities including condensed cell nucleus and cytoplasm and increased intercellular space. Exposure to 200 μT magnetic field inhibited syn2a transcription and expression and increased reactive oxygen species levels.
Unknown authors · 2022
Researchers tested the behavior of 92 haddock larvae in a raceway tank simulating magnetic fields from a DC subsea cable. The larvae were exposed to a magnetic field intensity ranging from 50 to 150 µT. Exposure did not affect the spatial distribution of larvae in the raceway. Larvae were categorized as nonexploratory (78%) or exploratory (22%) based on their behavior. Exposure reduced median swimming speed by 60% and median acceleration by 38% in nonexploratory larvae, but had no effect on exploratory larvae.
Unknown authors · 2022
Researchers assessed short-term behavioural responses of 15 juvenile thornback rays to direct and alternating 50 Hz uniform 450-μT magnetic fields using a 1-hour focal-sampling design. Magnetic fields were controlled in laboratory conditions with a custom-made Helmholtz coil device. Behavioural responses did not significantly differ between control and exposed rays during the morning period. Rays exposed to direct current magnetic fields increased their activity during the midday period. Alternating current exposure produced synchronisation patterns with high inter-individual variance.
Unknown authors · 2022
Jakubowska M, Urban-Malinga B, Otremba Z, Andrulewicz E · 2019
Researchers exposed the polychaete Hediste diversicolor to a 50 Hz, 1 mT electromagnetic field typical of submarine cable environments. The worms showed no avoidance or attraction, but their burrowing activity increased, indicating a stimulating effect on bioturbation. Food consumption and respiration rates were unchanged, while ammonia excretion was significantly lower than in control animals kept in the geomagnetic field.
Unknown authors · 2019
Researchers exposed rainbow trout for 40 days and ragworm and Baltic clam for 12 days to a 50 Hz 1 mT electromagnetic field. They measured nuclear abnormalities in trout blood erythrocytes, ragworm coelomocytes, and clam gill cells. Exposure significantly increased micronuclei in trout and ragworm, nuclear buds on filament cells and blebbed nuclei only in clam, and nuclear buds in all species. The frequency of 8-shaped nuclei rose in trout and clam, apoptotic and binucleated cells rose only in clam, and ragworm showed no significant cytotoxic change.
Samiee F, Samiee K. · 2017
Researchers examined how extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure at 50 Hz affected brain tissue in Cyprinus carpio, a common carp species from the Caspian Sea. A total of 200 healthy fish were divided into a sham-exposed group and an experimental group exposed to five different magnetic field intensities (0.1, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mT) at two different exposure times (0.5 and 1 h). Exposure caused severe histopathological changes in the brain at field intensities of 3 mT or higher, leading to brain necrosis, with field intensity and duration of exposure identified as key parameters in causing lesions.
Boga A, Emre M, Sertdemir Y, Uncu İ, Binokay S, Demirhan O. · 2016
Researchers exposed adult Xenopus laevis frogs to GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz for 8 hours a day over a 5-week period, then measured effects on the embryos produced from different combinations of exposed and unexposed parents. In the control group, 2.2% of embryos were abnormal and none were dead; when only males were exposed, embryo abnormality rose to 3.3% and dead embryos rose to 8.3%. When only females were exposed, abnormal and dead embryo rates each reached 11.7%; when both parents were exposed, dead embryos reached 15% and abnormal embryos reached 11.7%. Offspring of RF-exposed females also showed more aggressive behavior compared with the control group.
Nirwane A, Sridhar V, Majumdar A · 2016
Unknown authors · 2015
Unknown authors · 2014
Boga A et al. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and nicotine sulfate exposure on the embryonic development of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frogs). With the exception of the 1800 MHz exposure, radiofrequency radiation alone was not associated with dramatic developmental anomalies. The combined effects of radiofrequency radiation and nicotine sulfate on the embryos were more severe than the effect of either exposure alone.
Lee W, Yang KL · 2014
Researchers used medaka fish embryos (Oryzias latipes) to study how electromagnetic fields affect development and behavior. Newly fertilized embryos were randomly assigned to groups exposed to an EMF at 3.2 kHz at intensities of 0.12, 15, 25, or 60 µT, with the 0.12 µT group serving as the control. Embryos exposed to all three EMF levels developed significantly faster across several endpoints, including somite number, eye dimensions, eye pigmentation density, midbrain width, head growth, and day to hatch. The group exposed to 60 µT showed significantly higher levels of anxiety-like behavior than the other groups.
Unknown authors · 2011
Unknown authors · 2010
Radicheva N, Mileva K, Georgieva B, Kristev I · 2001
Researchers exposed isolated frog muscle fibers to continuous 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 20 mW/cm² for one hour. Repetitive stimulation at 200 ms intervals evoked intracellular action potentials and twitch contractions. The twitch amplitude curve showed a drastic fall in the first 5 seconds followed by an increase and then a decrease. After microwave exposure, the changes in amplitude and time parameters that characterize fatigue were attenuated and delayed compared to controls. The authors concluded that microwaves have a specific non-thermal influence causing some resistance to fatigue.
