Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz fields at 0.6 W/kg for 45 minutes daily over 10 days in circularly polarized waveguides and gave them a pre-exposure injection of a psychoactive compound or saline. Error rate analysis showed no significant effect of microwave exposure, no drug effect, and no exposure-drug interaction, while performance improved across test days indicating learning. Time to criterion showed no significant exposure effect but a significant drug effect, a significant test day effect, and a significant drug-by-test-day interaction. The authors concluded there is no evidence that microwave radiation exposure under the tested parameters caused decrements in spatial memory learning.
Christensen HC et al. · 2004
Researchers ascertained 106 incident acoustic neuroma cases and matched them with 212 population-based controls between 2000 and 2002. Data came from personal interviews, medical records, radiologic examinations, and socioeconomic records. The overall relative risk of acoustic neuroma was 0.90 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.51 to 1.57. Using a cell phone for 10 years or more did not increase risk compared with short-term use. Tumors were not more frequent on the side of the head where the phone was typically used, and tumor size did not correlate with use patterns.
Chemeris NK et al. · 2004
Researchers investigated genotoxic effects of HPPP EMF (8.8 GHz, 180 ns pulse width, peak power 65 kW, repetition rate 50 Hz) on erythrocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis. They used the alkaline comet assay to assess DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile lesions. Blood samples were exposed for 40 minutes in a rectangular waveguide with a specific absorption rate of about 1.6 kW/kg. The temperature rise in blood samples at steady state was 3.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C, and the increase in DNA damage was induced by this temperature rise.
Celik O, Hascalik S. · 2004
The study was planned to determine the effects of electromagnetic fields from cellular phones on baseline fetal heart rate, acceleration, and deceleration. Forty pregnant women undergoing non-stress testing were enrolled. Non-stress tests were recorded while subjects held a cellular phone in standby mode and dialing mode for five minutes each, and also with no phone present for ten minutes.
Capri M et al. · 2004
Researchers studied whether prolonged in vitro exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency could affect human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young and elderly donors by altering apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and heat shock protein 70 levels. Three GSM signal modulations (Basic, DTX, and Talk) were applied at specific absorption rates of 1.4 and 2.0 W kg−1. Endpoints were analyzed both with and without the apoptosis-inducing agent 2-deoxy-D-ribose. No significant difference was found between RF-exposed and sham-exposed cells for any endpoint. The 1800 MHz RF did not induce apoptosis on its own, did not alter apoptosis triggered by an agent, and did not change mitochondrial function or HSP 70 expression.
Aran JM et al. · 2004
In the first experiment, guinea pigs were exposed to GSM microwaves at SARs of 1, 2, and 4 W/kg for 1 hour per day, 5 days per week, for 2 months. In the second experiment, guinea pigs were exposed at 4 W/kg and auditory brainstem response thresholds were monitored. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed no difference in DPOAE amplitudes or ABR thresholds between exposed and sham-exposed groups. Acute exposure for 1 hour also produced no statistically significant change in ABR thresholds. In vitro, organs of Corti from newborn rats exposed to 1 W/kg for 24-48 hours appeared normal under light microscopy after 2-3 days of culture.
Lagroye I et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed C3H 10T½ cells to 2450 MHz CW microwaves at 1.9 W/kg for 2 hours, then irradiated them with 4 Gy gamma rays, and used the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay to detect DNA damage. Ionizing radiation induced significant DNA damage, but microwave exposure alone caused no detectable DNA damage. Microwaves did not impede DNA migration induced by gamma rays, and no evidence of DNA–protein crosslinks or changes in DNA-associated protein was found after microwave exposure.
Lagroye I et al. · 2004
The study aimed to investigate the effect of 2450 MHz pulsed-wave microwaves on DNA damage in rat brain cells and whether proteinase K is needed to detect such damage. Rats exposed to γ-rays showed significant DNA damage using both comet assay versions independent of proteinase K. Neither assay version detected any difference in comet length or normalized comet moment between sham-exposed and microwave-exposed rats regardless of proteinase K inclusion. No DNA damage was detected in brain cells after exposure to 2450 MHz pulsed-wave microwaves at 1.2 W kg−1 regardless of proteinase K inclusion. The results support the conclusion that low-level 2450 MHz pulsed-wave microwave exposures do not induce DNA damage detectable by the alkaline comet assay.
Hook GJ et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed Molt-4 T lymphoblastoid cells to CDMA, FDMA, iDEN, and TDMA modulated RF radiation for up to 24 hours. DNA damage was measured with the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay and apoptosis with the annexin V affinity assay. No statistically significant difference in DNA damage or apoptosis was observed between sham and exposed cells for any frequency, modulation, or exposure time.
Hook et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed J774.16 mouse macrophage cells to FMCW radiation at 835.62 MHz and CDMA radiation at 847.74 MHz for 20–22 hours at a specific absorption rate of 0.8 W/kg. Cells were stimulated with γ-interferon and bacterial lipopolysaccharide before exposure. The results indicated that FMCW- and CDMA-modulated RF radiation did not alter parameters indicative of oxidative stress in J774.16 cells.
Strayer DL, Drews FA. · 2004
The study examined the effects of hands-free cell phone conversations on simulated driving performance in younger and older adults. Compared to driving alone, cell phone use made reactions 18% slower, increased following distance by 12%, and lengthened speed recovery after braking by 17%. There was a twofold increase in rear-end collisions when drivers were conversing on a cell phone.
Tzaphlidou M, Fotiou E. · 2004
The study aimed to investigate the effects of a 910-MHz electromagnetic field on rat cranial arachnoid and dura mater collagen. Rat arachnoid and dura mater collagen fibrils were exposed to 910 MHz for 2 h/day for 30 consecutive days. Axial periodicity was measured by image analysis of electron-optical data and compared with sham-exposed animals. The measurements revealed that exposure affected intermolecular interactions during collagen fibril assembly.
Tafforeau M et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed flax seedlings to 105 GHz radiation from a Gunn oscillator for 2 hours at non-thermal levels. The exposure induced meristem production with kinetics similar to those induced by weak environmental stresses and GSM phone radiation.
Prohofsky EW · 2004
Pedersen W. · 2004
Researchers investigated associations between communication technology like web chat and mobile phones and sexual behaviour among Norwegian adolescents. A representative sample of 10,926 adolescents aged 13-18 completed questionnaires at school with a 92% response rate. A strong association was found between mobile phone use and sexual behaviour, with less than 10% of non-users reporting intercourse compared to two out of three of the most active users. The associations remained significant after controlling for age and contextual, family, peer and individual factors.
Papageorgiou CC et al. · 2004
Ten women and nine men performed a short memory task during baseline and during exposure to a 900 MHz signal. Baseline EEG energy was higher in men than in women, and EMF exposure decreased EEG energy in men but increased it in women. Memory performance did not change with EMF exposure or gender.
Panagopoulos DJ, Karabarbounis A, Margaritis LH · 2004
The study used GSM mobile phones with a carrier frequency at 900 MHz. Insects were exposed to the near field of the mobile phone antenna for 6 minutes per day during the first 2–5 days of adult life. Modulated radiation decreased reproductive capacity by 50–60% while nonmodulated radiation decreased it by 15–20%. The authors suggested the radiation decreases the rate of cellular processes during gonad development.
Nylund R, Leszczynski D · 2004
Researchers exposed the human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 to mobile phone radiation and examined protein expression using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Up to 38 proteins showed statistically significant changes in expression levels after irradiation. Four proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, including two isoforms of the cytoskeletal protein vimentin.
Nagaoka T et al. · 2004
Researchers created realistic high-resolution whole-body voxel models for Japanese adult males and females of average height and weight using magnetic resonance imaging. The models consist of 2 mm cubic voxels segmented into 51 anatomic regions. The adult female model is the first of its kind worldwide, and both are the first Asian voxel models enabling numerical evaluation of electromagnetic dosimetry at frequencies up to 3 GHz. The paper describes basic SAR characteristics for VHF/UHF bands calculated using the finite-difference time-domain method.
Munoz S, Sebastian JL, Sancho M, Miranda JM · 2004
Researchers calculated the transmembrane voltage induced on erythrocyte, codocyte, ovalocyte, and spherocyte cell models exposed to a linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave at 1800 MHz. The induced voltage on the original erythrocyte shape was higher than on the altered cell geometries. Erythrocyte shape and membrane electric permittivity were found to play a fundamental role in the induced transmembrane voltage values. A finite element numerical technique with adaptive meshing was used for the calculations.
Martinez-Burdalo M, Martin A, Anguiano M, Villar R · 2004
Peak SAR1g and SAR10g trended downwards as head size decreased. The percentage of energy absorbed in the brain increased with smaller head size. SAR distributions in eyes were very similar between full-size and scaled models.
Marinelli F et al. · 2004
Maier R, Greter SE, Maier N · 2004
Researchers tested cognitive processing in 11 volunteers using an auditory discrimination task under GSM-standard pulsed electromagnetic field exposure and field-free conditions. After a first test cycle, volunteers relaxed for 50 minutes with or without field exposure, then repeated the test, and data before and after the resting phase were compared. Nine of 11 participants (81.8%) showed worse auditory discrimination performance during field exposure compared to control, with group data reaching statistical significance (P = 0.0105).
Maby E et al. · 2004
Researchers studied GSM phone radiofrequency effects on human cerebral activity using auditory evoked potentials. N100 amplitudes were reduced under GSM radiofrequency influence with mean attenuation of -0.36 microV for healthy subjects and -0.60 microV for epileptic patients. Healthy subjects also showed a N100 latency decrease of -5.23 ms in mean. The auditory cortical activity was modified but an effect on brain functionality has not been proven.
Lonn S, Forssen U, Vecchia P, Ahlbom A, Feychting M. · 2004
Researchers recorded output power for all mobile phone calls managed by the GSM operator Telia Mobile during one week in four defined areas in Sweden. In the rural area, the highest power level was used about 50% of the time, while the lowest power was used only 3% of the time. In city areas, the corresponding numbers were approximately 25% and 22%. The output power distribution in all defined urban areas was similar.
