Unknown authors · 2009
The review discusses hazardous health effects reported from exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted from cell phones. It examines effects of RF-EMW on plasma membrane structures including NADH oxidase, phosphatidylserine, ornithine decarboxylase, and voltage-gated calcium channels. The review addresses controversial effects of RF-EMW on mammalian cells and sperm DNA, apoptosis, and epidemiological, in vivo animal, and in vitro studies on the male reproductive system. It also covers exposure assessment and dosimetry by computational biomodeling.
Ziemann C et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed male and female B6C3F1 mice to GSM 902 MHz and DCS 1747 MHz signals for two years. The exposure regimen was 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, at whole-body averaged SARs of 0.4, 1.3, and 4.0 W/kg. Micronuclei were counted in peripheral blood erythrocytes stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa or acridine orange. No significant differences in micronuclei frequency were observed between RF-exposed, sham-exposed, and cage control mice. Positive control mice injected with mitomycin C had significantly increased micronuclei, and the authors concluded that the data did not indicate RF-induced genotoxicity after two years.
Sommer et al. · 2009
Male and female C57BL mice were exposed lifelong to UMTS fields at 1966 MHz with SARs of 0, 0.08, 0.4, and 1.3 W/kg. Development and fertility were tracked over four generations using histological, physiological, reproductive, and behavioral measures. No harmful effects on fertility or development were observed. Pup numbers and development were unaffected by exposure. Some data suggested effects on food consumption without a clear dose-response relationship.
Salama N, Kishimoto T, Kanayama HO, Kagawa S · 2009
Researchers used 30 adult male rabbits and exposed the phone group to 900 MHz radio frequency in standby mode for 8 hours daily over 12 weeks. At week 10 the phone group showed a significant drop in fructose levels and motile sperm percentage compared with baseline. Citrate levels and other measured parameters did not change significantly in any group throughout the study.
Nam KC, Lee JH, Noh HW, Cha EJ, Kim NH, Kim DW. · 2009
Researchers tested 18 self-reported EHS and 19 non-EHS volunteers with sham and real RF exposure from CDMA cellular phones at 300 mW maximum for half an hour. They measured heart rate, respiration rate, heart rate variability, subjective symptoms, and EMF perception. RF exposure had no effect on physiological parameters or subjective symptoms in either group.
Lee HJ, Lee JS, Pack JK, Choi HD, Kim N, Kim SH, Lee YS. · 2009
Researchers investigated the teratogenic effects of multi-signal radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on mouse fetuses. Pregnant mice were simultaneously exposed to CDMA and WCDMA signals for two 45-minute periods daily throughout gestation at a whole-body average SAR of 2.0 W/kg. Fetuses were examined on gestation day 18 for mortality, growth retardation, head size changes, and morphological abnormalities, and no adverse effects were observed.
Hansteen IL et al. · 2009
The aim was to test if exposure used in mobile phones and wireless network technologies would induce DNA damage in cultured human lymphocytes with and without a known clastogen. Lymphocytes from six donors were exposed to 2.3 GHz, 10 W/m(2) continuous waves, or 2.3 GHz, 10 W/m(2) pulsed waves (200 Hz pulse frequency, 50% duty cycle). Mitomycin C was added to half of the cultures. No statistically significant differences were observed between control and exposed cultures. A weak trend for more chromosomal damage with the interaction of pulsed fields with mitomycin C compared to a constant field was observed.
de Gannes FP et al. · 2009
The study aimed to confirm earlier Russian and Ukrainian data on 2450 MHz microwave effects on immunological processes and teratology in rats. All results using ELISA and classic teratology end points were negative. The researchers concluded that exposure at 2450 MHz, CW, 7h/day for 30 days at 0.16 W/kg whole-body SAR had no influence on several immune and degenerative parameters or prenatal development.
Ahlbom A et al. · 2009
The review summarizes epidemiologic evidence on whether radiofrequency fields from mobile phones cause tumors. Studies to date do not show an increased risk of any brain or head tumor within roughly 10 years of use. Data do not suggest a causal link for fast-growing tumors like malignant glioma, but conclusions for slow-growing tumors and long-term use are less certain due to short observation periods.
Sannino A et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed human dermal fibroblasts from a healthy donor and a Turner's syndrome donor to 900 MHz RF radiation for 24 hours using a GSM-like signal at 1 W/kg, and Turner's syndrome fibroblasts were also exposed for 1 hour. For RF exposure alone, DNA damage was assessed with the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. RF radiation alone caused no genotoxic or cytotoxic effects in either cell line. MX increased DNA migration in the comet assay, but RF exposure did not enhance this MX-induced DNA damage.
Parazzini M et al. · 2009
Participants received 20 minutes of genuine or sham RF exposure at maximum phone output with 69 mW/kg SAR in the cochlea region. Auditory function was measured before and after exposure using hearing thresholds, otoacoustic emissions, and auditory evoked potentials. No consistent pattern of effects was found, and an isolated high-frequency threshold change was not statistically significant after multiple comparison correction. Researchers concluded that short-term UMTS exposure at maximum consumer phone output does not cause measurable immediate auditory effects.
Lipping T et al. · 2009
Eleven pigs were anaesthetized to a burst-suppression EEG level and exposed to a GSM mobile phone signal at 890 MHz. In phase I, EMF stimulation was randomly switched on and off to study the relation between EEG bursts and EMF onsets and endpoints. In phase II, continuous RF stimulation at 31 W/kg was applied for 10 minutes while ECG, EEG, and subcutaneous temperature were recorded. No correlation between exposure and EEG burst occurrences was observed in phase I, and no significant EEG changes were found in phase II. Subcutaneous temperature increased by 1.6°C and heart rate by 14.2 bpm on average during the 10-minute exposure periods.
Finnie JW, Chidlow G, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Cai Z · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily throughout gestation. Fetal brains were examined for heat shock proteins HSP25, HSP32, and HSP70. No induction of HSP32 or HSP70 was found in any brains, and HSP25 expression was similar in exposed and control groups. The study concluded that whole-gestation exposure did not produce a stress response detectable by HSPs.
Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J · 2009
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg for 60 minutes or for 5 days per week over 104 weeks. Control mice were sham-exposed or freely moving to account for restraint stress, and a positive control group received a clostridial toxin that upregulates aquaporin-4. No immunohistochemically detectable up-regulation of aquaporin-4 was observed in exposed mouse brains after either short or long exposure durations.
Sirav B, Seyhan N · 2009
The aim of the study was to evaluate RF electromagnetic radiation levels at a site in Ankara hosting 64 TV and radio towers and one mobile base station. The site is near a residential community. Based on technical data from 31 transmitters, the calculated radiation level was approximately four times higher than Turkish permitted standards, which are the same as ICNIRP standards. The authors state that electromagnetic field measurement is needed at the site.
Mousavy SJ et al. · 2009
Researchers investigated the effect of mobile phone RF (910 MHz and 940 MHz) on the structure and function of HbA. Oxygen affinity was measured using sodium dithionite with a UV-vis spectrophotometer, and structural changes were studied by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicated that mobile phone EMFs altered oxygen affinity and tertiary structure of HbA. Furthermore, the decrease of oxygen affinity of HbA corresponded to the EMFs intensity and time of exposure.
Kühn S, Jennings W, Christ A, Kuster N. · 2009
Researchers investigated absorption characteristics for anatomies ranging from a 6-year-old child to a large adult male using numerical modeling. They addressed exposure to plane waves incident from all six major sides of the human models with two orthogonal polarizations each. Worst-case scattered field exposure scenarios were constructed to test the implemented procedures of current in situ compliance measurement standards. The findings suggest that the reference levels of current electromagnetic safety guidelines and some measurement standards are not consistent with the basic restrictions and need to be revised.
Joseph W, Verloock L, Tanghe E, Martens L. · 2009
Researchers categorized exposure locations by environment, population density, and mobile phone traffic, selected five sites, and collected 352,800 electric field time samples over time. They defined factor X as the ratio of actual maximal temporal measurements to estimated maximal values from short-period data, and factor R as the ratio of median to maximal momentary field measurements indicating signal variation over time. Median values of R were 0.92 for FM, 0.66 for GSM, and 0.71 for UMTS. Using an optimal method for X, median values were 1.05 for FM, 0.47 for GSM, and 0.96 for UMTS. Combining X and R allows estimation of actual maximal and median exposure during longer periods from short-period measurements.
Hagiwara S, Iwasaka H, Takeshima N, Noguchi T. · 2009
Sciatic nerves were treated with PRF at 37 degrees and 42 degrees, which inhibited hyperalgesia in the inflammatory groups when compared to RF and sham treatment. This effect was attenuated after intrathecal administration of the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine, the selective 5-HT3 serotonin receptor antagonist MDL72222, and the non-selective serotonin receptor antagonist methysergide. All three drugs were found to significantly inhibit the analgesic effect of PRF. The results suggest that the analgesic action of PRF involves the enhancement of noradrenergic and serotonergic descending pain inhibitory pathways.
Chauvin S et al. · 2009
Researchers used exposimeters to record individual exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields for 23 technical operations personnel and 22 other workers. Exposure densities were quantified using 229 exposure indicators for each of the 45 subjects. Cluster analysis did not reliably separate the two groups, although some exposure indicators differed significantly between them. A learning group method also failed to discover a predictive law to identify technical operational personnel as a subgroup.
Budak GG, Muluk NB, Budak B, Oztürk GG, Apan A, Seyhan N. · 2009
Researchers studied thirty-six infant male New Zealand rabbits divided into four groups with different exposure regimens. Group 2 received extrauterine exposure for 15 minutes daily over 14 days, Group 3 received intrauterine exposure for 15 minutes daily over 7 days, and Group 4 received both exposures. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions were measured across frequencies from 1.0 to 8.0 kHz. Extrauterine exposure alone decreased emission amplitudes at 4.0 and 6.0 kHz compared with controls. Combined intrauterine and extrauterine exposure increased amplitudes at 1.5, 3.0, and 4.0 kHz relative to controls and the extrauterine group.
Budak GG et al. · 2009
Researchers studied 18 pregnant and 18 non-pregnant New Zealand White rabbits, randomly divided into four groups. Nine pregnant and nine non-pregnant rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RFR for 15 minutes daily over 7 days, while the remaining rabbits were not exposed. Cochlear function was measured using distortion product otoacoustic emissions at frequencies from 1.0 to 8.0 kHz. In pregnant rabbits, DPOAE amplitudes did not differ between exposed and unexposed groups except at 2.0 kHz. In non-pregnant rabbits, exposed animals showed lower DPOAE amplitudes at 1.0 to 4.0 kHz compared to unexposed animals.
Budak GG, Muluk NB, Budak B, Oztürk GG, Apan A, Seyhan N. · 2009
Berg-Beckhoff G et al. · 2009
Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study in 2006 with 3526 participants living mainly in urban regions to test whether low-level RF-EMF from mobile phone base stations was related to health disturbances. Exposure was assessed with a dosimeter measuring different RF-EMF frequencies, and health outcomes were collected via postal questionnaires on sleep disturbances, headaches, health complaints, and mental and physical health. No differences in median health scores were found between exposed and non-exposed participants, and measured RF-EMFs were not associated with adverse health effects.
Atay T et al. · 2009
Researchers investigated the effects of electromagnetic waves from cellular phones operating at 900 to 1800 MHz on bone mineral density of the human iliac bone wings in 150 male volunteers. Participants were divided into two groups based on the iliac side exposed to electromagnetic waves (group 1) and the unexposed side (group 2). The mean daily phone carriage duration was 14.7 hours and the mean duration of phone use was 6.2 years. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements showed slightly lower values on the exposed side but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), and values were not as low as in osteopenia or osteoporosis.
