Mortazavi SM et al. · 2012
Researchers measured visual reaction time in 160 right-handed university students aged 18 to 31 before and after a 10-minute real or sham exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones. The mean reaction time after real exposure was 286.78 ms and after sham exposure was 295.86 ms (P < 0.001). The researchers also compared reaction times across low-level, moderate, and frequent mobile phone users to assess possible chronic exposure effects. Male students showed shorter reaction times than female students in both talk and standby modes.
Megha K et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed male Fischer-344 rats to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz microwave radiation for 30 days at 2 hours per day to evaluate oxidative stress, cognitive impairment, and inflammation in the brain. Compared with sham-exposed animals, microwave-exposed rats showed significant impairment in cognitive function and oxidative stress in brain tissues. A significant increase in the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha was also observed following microwave exposure.
Maskey D, Kim HJ, Kim HG, Kim MJ. · 2012
Researchers exposed mice to 835 MHz radiofrequency at SAR values of 1.6 W/kg and 4.0 W/kg for one month to study effects in the hippocampus. Compared with a sham control group, both exposed groups showed decreased calbindin D28-k and calretinin, loss of immunoreactive cells, and increased GFAP with hypertrophic cytoplasmic processes. The group exposed at 4.0 W/kg showed a more prominent decrease in calbindin and calretinin, and more prominent GFAP immunoreactivity, than the group exposed at 1.6 W/kg.
Lu Y et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz pulsed microwave irradiation at a power density of 1 mW/cm2 for 3 hours per day for up to 30 days. Microwave exposure induced spatial learning and memory impairments in rats, and reduced hippocampal glucose uptake in the absence or presence of insulin. Blood glucose and insulin levels were not affected, but spatial memory deficits were reversed by systemic glucose treatment.
Loughran SP, McKenzie RJ, Jackson ML, Howard ME, Croft RJ. · 2012
Twenty volunteers each underwent two experimental nights in which they were randomly exposed to either an active or sham condition before a full night of sleep. EEG spectral power was increased in the sleep spindle frequency range in the first 30 minutes of non-REM sleep after active exposure. The increase was more prominent in participants who had already shown an increase in the original study, suggesting the effect is sensitive to individual variability.
Liu YX et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed rat astrocytes and C6 glioma cells to 1950-MHz TD-SCDMA electromagnetic fields for 12, 24, and 48 hours to investigate whether the radiation would alter glial cell biology and act as a tumor-promoting agent. After 48 hours of exposure, mitochondria were damaged and significant apoptosis of astrocytes was induced, with increased expression of bax and a reduced level of bcl-2. Astrocytes did not form tumors in either the control or exposed groups, and exposed C6 glioma cells showed no significant differences in biological features or tumor formation ability compared with unexposed cells.
Li Y, Shi C, Lu G, Xu Q, Liu S. · 2012
Researchers exposed 8-week-old Wistar rats to near-field radiation at 0.52–1.08 W/kg for 2 hours per day for 1 month. Behavioral changes were examined using the Morris water maze, and the irradiated rats exhibited impaired performance compared with the sham-irradiated rats. The morphological changes included mitochondrial degenerations, fewer synapses, and shorter postsynaptic densities in the radiated rats.
Fragopoulou AF et al. · 2012
Researchers investigated the effects of two sources of electromagnetic fields on the proteome of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and frontal lobe in Balb/c mice following long-term whole body irradiation. Across both exposure types, 143 proteins showed significantly altered expression, ranging from as low as 0.003 fold downregulation up to 114 fold overexpression. The altered proteins included neural function related proteins, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and proteins of brain metabolism across nearly all brain regions studied.
Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B · 2012
Researchers exposed male rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 2 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 10 months, then measured beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde levels were found to be higher in the brains of exposed rats. Only the increase in protein carbonyl was statistically significant (p < 0.001).
Cammaerts MC et al. · 2012
Researchers studied how GSM 900 MHz radiation affected the ability of the ant Myrmica sabuleti to associate food sites with olfactory and visual cues. During exposure, no association between food and either olfactory or visual cues occurred. After a recovery period, the ants could form associations again but never reached the expected score. Ants that had partially recovered and were exposed again lost all that they had memorized within a few hours, and kept no visual memory at all.
Calabrò E et al. · 2012
Bouji M, Lecomte A, Hode Y, de Seze R, Villégier AS · 2012
Researchers assessed the effects of a single GSM exposure at 900 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 6 W/kg on young adult (6-week-old) and middle-aged (12-month-old) rats. The study measured brain IL-1β and IL-6, plasmatic corticosterone levels, and emotional memory. Results showed an IL-1β increase in the olfactory bulb and enhanced contextual emotional memory in GSM-exposed middle-aged rats, while plasmatic corticosterone levels increased in GSM-exposed young adults. Acute GSM exposure did not induce astrocyte activation, in contrast to previously published work.
Bodera P et al. · 2012
Researchers studied how high-frequency electromagnetic fields affect pain perception and the pain-relieving activity of tramadol in rats. Exposures at 1500 MHz and modulated 1800 MHz were applied, and paw withdrawal latency to a thermal stimulus was measured before and after injections of either tramadol or a vehicle. EMF exposure alone produced no differences in pain perception compared with controls, but EMF at both frequencies transiently suppressed the analgesic effect of tramadol at 30 minutes after drug injection.
Aldad TS, Gan G, Gao XB, Taylor HS · 2012
Researchers used a mouse model to examine whether in-utero radiofrequency exposure from cellular telephones affects adult behavior. Mice exposed in the womb were hyperactive and had impaired memory, as measured using the object recognition, light/dark box, and step-down assays. The exposed mice also had dose-responsive impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex.
Khalil AM, Gagaa M, Alshamali A. · 2012
Researchers exposed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to mobile phone radio frequency radiation from a GSM signal generator at a whole-body specific absorption rate of 1.0 W/kg for 2 hours. Urinary levels of 8-oxodG, described as one major form of oxidative DNA damage, were significantly elevated in exposed rats compared to controls at most time points.
Cogulu O. · 2012
Researchers exposed mouse brain cell cultures to radiofrequency waves to evaluate genotoxic effects. The cultures were exposed to 10.715 GHz signals at a specific absorption rate of 0.725 W/kg for 6 hours over 3 days at 25°C. The study measured changes in the micronucleus assay and in the expression of 11 proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes. The micronuclei rate increased 11-fold and STAT3 expression decreased 7-fold in the exposed cell cultures.
Chen G, Lu D, Chiang H, Leszczynski D, Xu Z. · 2012
Researchers used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study how exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and radiofrequency EMF affects gene expression. Yeast cells were exposed for 6 hours to either 0.4 mT 50 Hz ELF-MF or 1800 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 4.7 W/kg. The study found no confirmed gene expression changes from ELF-MF exposure, and only the expressions of SMC3 and AQY2 were confirmed as responsive to RF-EMF.
Unknown authors · 2011
The authors examined whether biological experiments should use real mobile phone emissions instead of simulated ones. Real mobile phone emissions are constantly and unpredictably varying, making them more bioactive than simulated emissions with fixed parameters. Studies using simulated emissions report effects in less than 50% of cases, while studies using real mobile phone exposures show almost 100% consistency in adverse effects. The authors conclude that using commercially available handsets is crucial for experimental findings to reflect reality.
LaVignera et al · 2011
The article reviewed existing literature on the effects of RF-EMR on male reproductive function in experimental animals and humans. Animal studies in rats, mice, and rabbits used mobile phone RF exposure for variable lengths of time. These animal studies showed that RF-EMR decreases sperm count and motility and increases oxidative stress. In humans, two approaches were used: direct exposure of spermatozoa to RF-EMR and evaluation of sperm parameters in men using or not using mobile phones. Human spermatozoa exposed to RF-EMR showed decreased motility, morphometric abnormalities, and increased oxidative stress, while men using mobile phones had decreased sperm concentration, decreased motility, normal morphology, and decreased viability.
Unknown authors · 2011
The experiments tested the effects of motion through a 14.1 T magnetic field on rats, and repeated traversal of the gradient with momentary exposure suppressed rearing and induced a significant conditioned taste aversion. Repeated insertion and removal from the magnet did not have a greater effect than a single 30-min exposure on either acute locomotor behavior or CTA acquisition. Prolonged exposure was required to induce locomotor circling. Locomotor circling appeared to be dependent on the speed of insertion and removal, but the suppression of rearing and the acquisition of CTA were independent of speed of insertion and removal. Rotation within the magnet did not modulate the behavioral effects of exposure.
Unknown authors · 2011
Researchers treated Eight patients with probable Alzheimer's disease using daily rTMS-COG sessions 5/week for 6 weeks, then maintenance sessions 2/week for 3 months. The primary cognitive measure ADAS-cog improved by approximately 4 points at both 6 weeks and 4.5 months, and the Clinical Global Impression of Change improved by 1.0 and 1.6 points respectively. Secondary measures MMSE, ADAS-ADL, and Hamilton Depression Scale improved but not significantly, while the Neuropsychiatric Inventory did not change and no side effects were recorded.
Unknown authors · 2011
Unknown authors · 2011
Unknown authors · 2011
Researchers isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers and stimulated them with TLR2 and TLR4 ligands and heat-killed microorganisms. The cells were exposed to a controlled ELF-EMF signal at 20-5000 Hz with a DC component of 3 μT and AC component of 5 μT for 30 minutes. Cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-8, IL-10) was measured at different time points. No significant difference in cytokine production was detected after stimulation with LPS, Pam3Cys, or the panel of microorganisms. The researchers concluded that ELF-EMF does not modulate innate immune response of human primary cells after TLR stimulation in vitro under their experimental conditions.
Unknown authors · 2011
Researchers examined the effects of 50-Hz magnetic fields at flux densities relevant to environmental exposures on action potential, after-hyperpolarization potential, and neuronal excitability in land snail neurons. Exposure at various flux densities produced marked changes in neuronal excitability, AP firing frequency, and AHP amplitude.
