Sherry CJ, Blick DW, Walters TJ, Brown GC, Murphy MR · 1995
Researchers examined the effect of acute ultrawideband electromagnetic radiation exposure on monkeys performing a Primate Equilibrium Platform task. The exposure had no effect on task performance when tested immediately after exposure. Each monkey was exposed twice for 2 minutes at a pulse repetition rate of 60 Hz with a peak electric field strength of 250 kV/m.
Chou CK, McDougall JA, Can KW · 1995
Researchers tested the possibility of tissue heating from an auditory brainstem implant and a modified cochlear implant during MRI using a full-sized human phantom with simulated skull, brain, and muscle. Thermograms were taken before and after a 26-minute MRI scan with 94 excitations and 25 ms echo time set to induce maximum radiofrequency heating. Results showed no observable heating associated with either implant during worst-case MRI of the head.
Rittweger J, Lambertz M, Kluge W, Kramer K, Langhorst P · 1995
The study examined magnetoencephalogram, heart frequency and ventilatory parameters before and after occipital application of the fields. Differences in these measures indicated that the effects can be explained by an influence on the common brainstem system.
Reiser H, Dimpfel W, Schober F · 1995
Researchers conducted a single-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study with 36 volunteers. Volunteers were exposed to a MEGA-WAVE therapy instrument and a mobile digital telephone, and also underwent a no-exposure control. The MEGA-WAVE instrument increased EEG power in Alpha2, Beta1, and Beta2 bands during and after exposure. The mobile telephone increased EEG power in the same bands after a delay of about 15 minutes.
Kaliada TV et al. · 1995
Grigor'ev IuG et al. · 1995
Researchers studied motor activity in rabbits under daily thirty-minute irradiation at 1.5 GHz for one month. From the 14th day, reliable disadaptation changes described as anxiety and alarm reactions were found. The researchers noted the importance of prolonged irradiation.
Grigor'ev IuG, Luk'ianova SN, Makarov VP, Rynskov VV · 1995
Researchers exposed thirty rabbits to thirty-minute microwave irradiation at 1.5 GHz with a pulse intensity of 0.3 mW/cm2 and tested several pulsed modes. A reliable effect was detected only in the hippocampus, shown as an amplification of theta-range activity within normal functioning. The total bioelectrical activity of the cortex, caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and septum was not reliably changed.
Anderson V, Joyner KH · 1995
Researchers measured electric fields induced within a phantom head from exposure to three different advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) hand-held telephones using an implantable E-field probe. The phones were positioned alongside the phantom head as in typical use and were configured to transmit at maximum power (600 mW nominal). The SARs induced in the eye ranged from 0.007 to 0.21 W/kg, and maximum levels in the brain ranged from 0.12 to 0.83 W/kg, all below recommended safety limits.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1995
Researchers measured DNA single-strand breaks in brain cells of rats acutely exposed to low-intensity 2450 MHz microwaves, using an alkaline microgel electrophoresis method. After 2 hours of exposure to pulsed microwaves, no significant effect was observed immediately after exposure, but a dose rate-dependent increase in DNA single-strand breaks was found in brain cells at 4 hours postexposure. In rats exposed for 2 hours to continuous-wave 2450 MHz microwaves at 1.2 W/kg SAR, increases in brain cell DNA single-strand breaks were observed both immediately and at 4 hours postexposure.
Unknown authors · 1994
Researchers measured magnetic fields and depression symptoms in 152 women living near or one block from transmission lines. Average magnetic field was 4.86 mG at adjacent homes and 0.68 mG at homes one block away.
Unknown authors · 1994
Researchers analyzed data from the Vietnam Experience Study to assess the association between electric and magnetic field exposure and depression. They classified employed participants as electrical workers (N = 183) and nonelectrical workers (N = 3,861) and compared their scores on the Diagnostic Interview Survey and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Electrical workers in the aggregate showed little evidence of increased risk, with the possible exception of an increase in elevated MMPI depression scores among short-term workers. Data on electricians yielded indications of increased risk for several markers of depression.
Unknown authors · 1994
Two pulse waveforms were tested, with rise and fall times of 85 microseconds (PMF-A) or 2.1 microseconds (PMF-B). After exposure, the eggs incubated for nine more days without fields, then embryos were examined blind. Both exposed groups had more developmental anomalies than controls, but only the PMF-B group showed a statistically significant increase (P=0.007) and a high rate of early embryonic death, while the PMF-A group's increase was not significant (P=0.173).
Ikeda N, Hayashida O, Kameda H, Ito H, Matsuda T · 1994
Researchers investigated thermal damage to normal dog brain using 8 MHz radiofrequency interstitial hyperthermia. The heating limits were 42 degrees C for 45 min or 43 degrees C for 15 min. Breakdown of the BBB was observed at 43 degrees C for 60 min.
Zhao Z, Zhang S, Wang S, Yao Z, Zho H, Tao S, Tao L · 1994
The study aimed to investigate exposure limits for ultra-short wave radiation in work environments. Eighteen male rabbits were divided into four groups; three groups were irradiated with ultra-short waves at 100 MHz at power densities of 35, 1.5-3.5, and 0.07 mW/cm2 for 3 hours per day, 5 days per week for 24 weeks. Thermal effects occurred at 35 mW/cm2 and the thermal threshold limit value was set at 1.5 mW/cm2. An epidemiological survey of 136 factory workers and TV operators exposed to 0.2 mW/cm2 for over one year was compared with 108 controls. The exposure limit value for short wave radiation was set at 0.2 mW/cm2 using 15- and 20-fold safety factors.
Thuroczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo LD, · 1994
At 30 mW/cm², total EEG power increased, while at 10 mW/cm² EEG did not change but cerebral blood flow increased. Brain-localized 4 GHz continuous-wave exposure at 42 mW/g SAR increased EEG delta power and REG amplitude simultaneously.
Sarkar S, Ali S, Behari J · 1994
Animals were exposed to microwave at a power density of 1 mW/cm2 for 2 h/day at a frequency of 2.45 GHz over a period of 120, 150 and 200 days. HinfI digested DNA samples from testis and brain of control and exposed animals were hybridized with a synthetic oligo probe (OAT 36) comprising nine repeats of 5'-GACA-3'. As compared to control animals, band patterns in exposed animals were found to be distinctly altered in the range of 7-8 kb which was also substantiated by densitometric analysis.
Salford LG, Brun A, Sturesson K, Eberhardt JL, Persson BRq · 1994
Researchers exposed male and female Fischer 344 rats to 915 MHz microwaves as continuous wave and pulse-modulated at 8, 16, 50, and 200 Hz in a transverse electromagnetic transmission line chamber. Albumin leakage occurred in 56 of 184 exposed rats versus 5 of 62 controls, and continuous wave exposure yielded 14 positive findings out of 35 that were significantly different from controls (P = 0.002). The specific energy absorption rate varied between 0.016 and 5 W/kg, and rats were exposed for 2 hours without anesthesia.
Quock RM, Klauenberg BJ, Hurt WD, Merritt JH · 1994
Researchers tested male mice in the staircase test after pretreatment with chlordiazepoxide at 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg and a 5-min exposure to microwave radiation at 4, 12, and 36 W/kg (1.8 or 4.7 GHz). In sham-irradiated mice, increasing CDP doses first increased steps ascended without affecting rears, then increased steps ascended and decreased rears, and finally decreased both measures. Microwave exposure did not alter steps ascended or rears at lower CDP doses, but at 32 mg/kg CDP, 36 W/kg microwave at 4.7 GHz significantly reversed the reductions in both measures.
Mickley GA, Cobb BL, Mason PA, Farrell S · 1994
Researchers exposed rats to various doses of microwave radiation between training and testing to study effects on working memory. Memory was assessed by measuring relative exploration time of a familiar versus a new object, with extensive re-exploration of the familiar object indicating memory loss. Rats exposed to more than 5 W/kg developed hyperthermia, and microwave-exposed rats at doses of 1, 5, 8.5, 9.3, and 10 W/kg did not show a preference for the new object, unlike normothermic controls. Microwave hyperthermia evoked prominent c-fos expression in periventricular strata, hypothalamic nuclei, amygdala, and several cortical areas.
Lai H, Carino MA, Horita A, Guy AW, · 1994
Researchers exposed rats to pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves for 45 minutes at a power density of 1 mW/cm2 with a whole body specific absorption rate of 0.6 W/kg. This exposure decreased cholinergic activity in the hippocampus as measured by sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake. Microinjection of beta-funaltrexamine (1 microgram) into the septum before exposure blocked the microwave-induced decrease.
Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW, · 1994
After 45 minutes of exposure to pulsed 2450 MHz microwaves at 1 mW/cm², rats showed retarded learning in a radial-arm maze task, indicating a spatial working memory deficit. The memory deficit was reversed by pretreatment with the cholinergic agonist physostigmine or the opiate antagonist naltrexone, but not by the peripheral opiate antagonist naloxone methiodide. The researchers concluded that both cholinergic and endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systems in the brain are involved in the microwave-induced spatial memory deficit.
Krylova IN et al. · 1994
The study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic radiation on learning and memory processes. Low-intensity electromagnetic field (12.6 cm, 2375 MHz, power density 1 mW/cm2) produced retrograde amnesia in the rat passive avoidance test. No effect was registered of microwave irradiation on the open field behavior and the pain sensitivity.
Dimbylow PJ, Mann SM. · 1994
Researchers built a mathematical model of the human head from MRI slices and used finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations to estimate the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. The generic transceiver was represented by a quarter-wavelength monopole on a metal box, and three placement geometries were examined: vertical in front of the eye, and vertical and horizontal at the side of the ear. For the most typical position at the side of the head, the maximum SAR averaged over 10 g of tissue was 2.1 and 3.0 W kg(-1) per W of radiated power at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. Placement in front of the eye gave values of 3.1 and 4.6 W kg(-1) per W averaged over 10 g of tissue at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz.
D'Andrea JA, Thomas A, Hatcher DJ · 1994
Researchers exposed four male rhesus monkeys to high-peak-power 5.62-GHz microwave pulses while the monkeys performed an operant task for food pellet rewards. Compared to sham exposures, significant alterations of lever responding, reaction time, and earned food pellets occurred at 4 and 6 W/kg but not at 2 W/kg. There were no differences between radar pulses and SLED pulses in producing behavioral effects.
Brown DO, Lu ST, Elson EC · 1994
Researchers studied microwave evoked body movements in mice using head and neck exposure to pulsed and gated continuous wave 1.25 GHz microwaves delivered via a resonant cavity. The incidence of body movements increased proportionally with specific absorption dose when the whole-body average specific absorption rate was held constant at 7300 W/kg, reaching a plateau at 0.9 kJ/kg. For doses higher than 0.9 kJ/kg, response incidence was proportional to the specific absorption rate and reached a plateau at 900 W/kg.
