Hidisoglu E et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed rats to 2100-MHz electromagnetic fields for 2 hours per day for either 1 or 10 weeks, then recorded visual evoked potentials and measured markers of oxidative stress in the brain. After 1 week of exposure, visual response latencies were shortened and several antioxidant markers were increased. After 1 or 10 weeks, the effects on visual response latencies differed: latencies were shortened in the 1-week group but prolonged in the 10-week group. The researchers concluded that the effects of EMF on visual evoked potentials depend on exposure duration.
Qin F et al. · 2012
Imaida K et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed male F344 rats to a 929.2 MHz electromagnetic near-field for 90 minutes a day, five days a week, over six weeks. The exposed rats showed no significant difference in GST-P positive foci numbers or areas compared to sham-exposed rats. Maximum local specific absorption rates were 7.2 to 6.6 W/kg in the whole body and 2.0 to 1.7 W/kg in the liver.
Trošić I, Mataušić-Pišl M, Pavičić I, Marjanović AM. · 2013
Researchers divided 18 adult male rats into two groups of nine and exposed one group to a 915 MHz RF field with a power density of 2.4 W m(-2) and a field strength of 30 V m(-1) for one hour daily over two weeks. Body mass and temperature were measured before and after each exposure, after which testes were prepared for histology and epididymal sperm were assessed for quantity, quality, and morphology. No statistically significant alterations were found in any endpoint, and the authors concluded that short-time intermittent RF exposure does not represent a significant risk factor for rat reproductive functions.
Trosić I et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 915 MHz for one hour daily over two weeks and examined DNA damage in brain, liver, and kidney cells using a comet assay test. They found measurable DNA breaks in liver and kidney cells, with less pronounced effects in brain cells. This suggests that radiofrequency radiation at levels similar to cell phone emissions can cause genetic damage in multiple organs.
Trosić I et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation (915 MHz) for one hour daily over two weeks. DNA damage was found in liver and kidney cells using comet assay testing. This suggests short-term radiofrequency exposure at cell phone levels can cause genetic damage in organs.
Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V. · 2009
Researchers exposed rat blood cells to 915-MHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used in some mobile phones) for 4 hours and found it caused DNA damage. However, when they pre-treated the cells with bee venom, it significantly reduced this DNA damage, suggesting bee venom has protective properties against microwave radiation effects.
Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V. · 2009
Researchers investigated whether bee venom could protect against DNA damage caused by 915-MHz microwave radiation in Wistar rat lymphocytes. Whole blood lymphocytes were treated with 1 μg/mL bee venom before irradiation, and comet assays were used to assess basal and oxidative DNA damage. Bee venom showed a decrease in DNA damage compared with irradiated samples, and was found to have a radioprotective effect against both basal and oxidative DNA damage.
Masuda H et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed rat heads to 1439 MHz RF-EMF for 10 minutes at three intensity doses of 0.6, 2.4, and 4.8 W/kg BASAR. They measured blood-brain barrier permeability, leukocyte behavior, plasma velocity, and vessel diameter using a closed cranial window method. No extravasation of intravenously injected dyes from pial venules was found at any BASAR level. No significant changes in the number of endothelial-adhering leukocytes after exposure were found. Plasma velocities and vessel diameters remained constant within the physiological range throughout each exposure.
Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N, Cassel JC. · 2005
In a first phase, researchers validated the elevated plus-maze apparatus in male Sprague-Dawley rats. They tested anxiety responses at light intensities of 200, 30, 10, and 2.5 lux and with diazepam doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg. Anxiety responses decreased with decreasing light intensity and were attenuated by diazepam. A separate group of rats was then exposed to 2.45 GHz EMFs with a whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg and brain-averaged SAR of 0.9 W/kg for 45 min. EMF exposure did not significantly affect anxiety responses at either low or high ambient light intensity.
Seaman RL, Phelix CF. · 2005
3-NP significantly increased ER intracisternal width, ER area density, and nuclear envelope thickness. Microwave exposure at 6 W/kg alone also significantly increased these measures. Exposure of 3-NP-treated animals at 0.6 W/kg reduced the effects of 3-NP.
Laszlo et al. · 2005
Researchers measured heat-shock factor DNA-binding activity in hamster, mouse, and human cells after exposure to FDMA- or CDMA-modulated microwaves at low or high SARs. The assay could detect a 10% increase in HSF activation from a 1°C temperature rise. No increase in HSF DNA-binding ability was detected from any exposure tested. The results do not support activation of the stress response by mobile communication microwaves.
Lai H, Singh NP · 2005
Researchers studied four groups of rats: one exposed to 2450-MHz microwaves at 1 mW/cm2, one to magnetic field noise at 45 mG, one to both simultaneously, and a sham-exposed group. Brain cells of microwave-exposed rats had significantly higher levels of DNA single- and double-strand breaks compared with sham-exposed animals. Noise exposure alone did not significantly affect DNA strand break levels, but simultaneous noise exposure blocked the microwave-induced increases.
Lai H, Singh NP · 2005
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone-frequency microwaves (2450 MHz) for 2 hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells. However, when they simultaneously exposed the rats to a weak magnetic field with random fluctuations, it completely blocked the DNA damage from occurring. This suggests that certain types of magnetic field exposure might actually protect against some forms of EMF damage.
Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz fields at 0.6 W/kg for 45 minutes daily over 10 days in circularly polarized waveguides and gave them a pre-exposure injection of a psychoactive compound or saline. Error rate analysis showed no significant effect of microwave exposure, no drug effect, and no exposure-drug interaction, while performance improved across test days indicating learning. Time to criterion showed no significant exposure effect but a significant drug effect, a significant test day effect, and a significant drug-by-test-day interaction. The authors concluded there is no evidence that microwave radiation exposure under the tested parameters caused decrements in spatial memory learning.
Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. · 2004
Rats were tested in a 12-arm radial-maze after daily exposure to 2.45 GHz microwaves for 45 minutes at a SAR of 0.6 W/kg. The performance of exposed rats was comparable to that found in sham-exposed or in naive rats.
Higashikubo R et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed mouse C3H 10T(1/2) fibroblasts and human U87MG glioma cells to two types of radiofrequency fields at 0.6 W/kg. Five cell cycle parameters including transit through G1, G2, and S phase and probability of cell division were measured immediately and up to 100 hours. No changes in cell cycle parameters were observed in exposed cells compared to sham-exposed cells in either cell line during the entire experimental period.
Roti Roti JL et al. · 2001
Researchers measured the effect of 835.62 MHz FDMA and 847.74 MHz CDMA radiation on neoplastic transformation frequency using the in vitro C3H 10T(1/2) cell transformation assay system. Cells were exposed at 37°C to either radiation at a specific absorption rate of 0.6 W/kg for 7 days to test for genotoxic effects, or after 4.5 Gy X-ray exposure for 42 days to test for epigenetic promotion effects. After both the 7-day and 42-day exposures, no statistically significant differences in transformation frequencies were found between incubator controls, sham-exposed groups, and RF-exposed groups.
Goswami PC et al. · 1999
Researchers exposed C3H 10T 1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts to 835.62 MHz FMCW or 847.74 MHz CDMA microwaves at an average SAR of 0.6 W/kg and measured proto-oncogene expression. The exposures did not alter proto-oncogene expression kinetics after serum stimulation, nor did they change Jun and Myc mRNA levels or AP1, AP2, and NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity during the transition to plateau phase. However, 835.62 MHz FMCW exposure increased Fos mRNA about 2-fold in exponential and plateau-phase cells, and 847.74 MHz CDMA exposure increased it 1.4-fold.
Malyapa RS et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed mouse C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts and human glioblastoma U87MG cells to FMCW (835.62 MHz) and CDMA (847.74 MHz) radiation at 0.6 W/kg SAR for up to 24 hours. They used the alkaline comet assay to measure DNA damage. No significant differences were found between exposed cells and sham controls.
Malyapa RS et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed mouse and human cells to cell phone frequencies (835-847 MHz) for up to 24 hours at power levels similar to phone use to see if the radiation damaged DNA. Using a sensitive test called the comet assay, they found no DNA damage in the exposed cells compared to unexposed control cells. This suggests that cell phone radiation at typical exposure levels may not directly break DNA strands in laboratory conditions.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1995
Researchers measured DNA single-strand breaks in brain cells of rats acutely exposed to low-intensity 2450 MHz microwaves, using an alkaline microgel electrophoresis method. After 2 hours of exposure to pulsed microwaves, no significant effect was observed immediately after exposure, but a dose rate-dependent increase in DNA single-strand breaks was found in brain cells at 4 hours postexposure. In rats exposed for 2 hours to continuous-wave 2450 MHz microwaves at 1.2 W/kg SAR, increases in brain cell DNA single-strand breaks were observed both immediately and at 4 hours postexposure.
Lai H, Singh NP, · 1995
Researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at levels similar to cell phone use and found that it caused DNA breaks in brain cells. The damage appeared 4 hours after exposure, even at relatively low power levels (0.6 W/kg). This suggests that microwave radiation can damage the genetic material in brain cells at exposure levels considered 'safe' by current standards.
Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW, · 1994
After 45 minutes of exposure to pulsed 2450 MHz microwaves at 1 mW/cm², rats showed retarded learning in a radial-arm maze task, indicating a spatial working memory deficit. The memory deficit was reversed by pretreatment with the cholinergic agonist physostigmine or the opiate antagonist naltrexone, but not by the peripheral opiate antagonist naloxone methiodide. The researchers concluded that both cholinergic and endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systems in the brain are involved in the microwave-induced spatial memory deficit.
Lai H, Carino MA, Horita A, Guy AW, · 1994
Researchers exposed rats to pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves for 45 minutes at a power density of 1 mW/cm2 with a whole body specific absorption rate of 0.6 W/kg. This exposure decreased cholinergic activity in the hippocampus as measured by sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake. Microinjection of beta-funaltrexamine (1 microgram) into the septum before exposure blocked the microwave-induced decrease.
