Lai H, Carino MA, Horita A, Guy AW, · 1992
Researchers investigated which opioid receptor subtypes mediate a microwave-induced decrease in central cholinergic activity in rats. Rats were pretreated with specific antagonists of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors before exposure to microwaves. All three receptor subtypes were involved in the decrease in cholinergic activity in the hippocampus.
Lai H, Carino MA, Horita A, Guy AW · 1992
Researchers exposed rats to single 45-minute and repeated daily 45-minute microwave sessions at 2450 MHz, 1 mW/cm², with a whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg. After a single exposure, receptor concentration increased in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus or cerebellum. No significant change in binding affinity of the receptors was observed in any of the brain regions studied. After repeated exposures, no significant change in receptor concentration was found in the cerebral cortex. Handling and exposure procedures did not significantly affect benzodiazepine receptors.
Lai H, Carino MA, Wen YF, Horita A, Guy AW · 1991
Rats were repeatedly exposed to pulsed, circularly polarized microwaves at 2,450 MHz with 2-microsecond pulses at 500 pps, a power density of 1 mW/cm², and a whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg. Ten 45-minute sessions increased muscarinic cholinergic receptor concentration in the hippocampus, while ten 20-minute sessions decreased concentration in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Pretreatment with naltrexone at 1 mg/kg IP before each exposure session blocked these microwave-induced changes in cholinergic receptors.
Partsvania B, Sulaberidze T, Shoshiashvili L, Modebadze Z · 2011
Scientists exposed mollusk neurons to 900-MHz cell phone radiation at low levels. While the neurons' basic function remained normal, they responded to signals significantly faster during exposure. This suggests cell phone radiation can alter how quickly nerve cells process information, even temporarily.
Partsvania B, Sulaberidze T, Shoshiashvili L, Modebadze Z · 2011
Researchers exposed single neurons of a mollusk to electromagnetic fields using a Transverse Electromagnetic Cell to study effects on neuron excitability and memory processes. The specific absorption rate deposited into the single neuron was calculated to be 0.63 W/kg with a temperature increment of 0.1°C. After acute exposure, the average firing threshold of action potentials was not changed, but the average latent period was significantly decreased. The researchers noted that the observed alterations were transient and that only the latent period remained at the changed level.
Spiers DE, Baummer SC · 1991
Researchers exposed Japanese quail eggs to 2,450 MHz microwaves at 5 or 20 mW/cm² for 8 hours daily from day 1 to 15 of incubation. At 30 °C ambient temperature, microwave exposure increased wet-embryo mass on day 16 by 9% at 5 mW/cm² and 61% at 20 mW/cm² compared to predicted masses without microwaves. Post-treatment tests showed no reliable indication that repeated microwave exposure resulted in abnormal physiological development. The authors concluded that microwave radiation can increase egg temperature and embryonic growth rate at below-normal incubation temperatures without altering basic metabolic and thermal characteristics.
Shirai T et al. · 2007
Pregnant F344 rats received a single dose of ENU on gestational day 18. Rats were exposed to a 1.95-GHz W-CDMA signal for 90 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 104 weeks starting at 5 weeks of age. Brain average specific absorption rates were designed to be .67 and 2.0 W/kg for low and high exposures, respectively. The incidence and numbers of brain tumors in female rats exposed to 1.95-GHz W-CDMA signals showed tendencies to increase but without statistical significance, and overall no significant increase in incidences or numbers was detected in either males or females.
Roggeveen S, van Os J, Lousberg R · 2015
Researchers investigated whether third generation mobile phone radiation peaks produce event-related potentials in the brain. Thirty-one healthy females took part in a single-blind, cross-over design where a 15 minute mobile phone exposure was compared to two 15 minute sham phone conditions. When the phone was placed at the ear, an enlarged cortical reactivity was found in the frontal and central cortical regions, but not when it was placed at the heart.
Roggeveen S, van Os J, Viechtbauer W, Lousberg R · 2015
Researchers investigated whether placement of a 3G dialing mobile phone causes direct changes in EEG activity compared to placement of a sham phone. Thirty-one healthy females each participated on two days, with the phone placed at the ear on one day and the chest on the other. Significant radiation effects were found for the alpha, slow beta, fast beta, and gamma bands, with ear placement showing significant results and chest placement not.
Roggeveen S, van Os J, Lousberg R. · 2015
Researchers used EEG brain scans to monitor 31 women while they held active versus inactive 3G phones near their ears for 15 minutes. When the phone was actively transmitting radiation near the ear, their brains showed measurable electrical responses that occurred unconsciously within milliseconds of each radiation pulse. This demonstrates that human brains can detect and respond to cell phone radiation even when people aren't aware of the exposure.
Roggeveen S, van Os J, Viechtbauer W, Lousberg R. · 2015
Researchers exposed 31 healthy women to 3G cell phone radiation for 15 minutes and measured their brain wave activity using EEG. They found significant changes in multiple brain wave patterns (alpha, beta, and gamma waves) when the phone was held at the ear, but no changes when placed on the chest. This demonstrates that cell phone radiation can directly alter brain electrical activity in a location-specific way.
Shahbazi-Gahrouei D et al. · 2012
Researchers evaluated how cell phone radiation affects chorionic gonadotropin immunoassays using human serum samples. Radiation altered measured serum levels, especially at 100, 250, and 500 mIU/mL concentrations. The higher 1.09 W/kg SAR exposure caused a significant loss compared to the lower 0.69 W/kg SAR exposure.
Klose M et al. · 2014
Female Wistar rats from 14 days to 19 months were exposed in the head region for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week to a GSM-modulated 900 MHz field at SAR values of 0, 0.7, 2.5, and 10 W/kg. Four behavioral and learning tests (rotarod, Morris water maze, 8-arm radial maze, open field) were performed three times in juvenile, adult, and presenile rats. No profound differences were identified between exposure groups, though rotarod data showed significantly longer holding times for sham-exposed rats on some days, but these findings were not consistent. The results do not indicate harmful effects of long-term RF-EMF exposure begun at an early age on development, learning, and behavior, even at relatively high SAR values.
Leung S et al. · 2011
This study examined sensory and cognitive processing in adolescents, young adults and older adults when exposed to 2G and 3G mobile phone signals. Forty-one 13–15 year olds, forty-two 19–40 year olds and twenty 55–70 year olds were tested using a double-blind cross-over design, where each participant received Sham, 2G and 3G exposures, separated by at least 4 days. On a memory task, adolescents performed less accurately during 3G exposure compared to Sham, and delayed brainwave responses were found in both 2G and 3G conditions across all age groups.
Croft RJ et al. · 2010
Researchers tested whether adolescents and the elderly are more sensitive to mobile phone-related bioeffects than young adults, using both 2G GSM and 3G W-CDMA exposures. Resting alpha activity in the 8-12 Hz band of the EEG was recorded and compared between conditions in a double-blind crossover design, with each participant receiving sham, 2G, and 3G exposures separated by at least 4 days. Young adults showed greater alpha activity in the 2G condition compared to sham, but no effect was found in adolescents or the elderly, and 3G exposure produced no effect in any group.
Vorobyov V, Janać B, Pesić V, Prolić Z. · 2010
Researchers studied EEG in 10 freely moving rats with electrodes implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus over five consecutive days. Rats were exposed to ELF-MW (915 MHz, 20-ms pulse duration, approximately 0.3 mW/cm(2), 4 Hz) intermittently (1-min 'On', 1-min 'Off') for 10 min several times per day. Baseline EEG showed dominant activity in the 3.2-6.0 Hz and 17.8-30.5 Hz ranges in the cortex, and in the 6.0-17.8 Hz range in the hypothalamus. ELF-MW exposure increased beta(2) activity in the hypothalamus more than in the cortex, significantly reducing the initial cortical-hypothalamic EEG imbalance. A cumulative effect was observed across repeated exposures.
Malyapa RS et al. · 1997
Researchers used the alkaline comet assay to test whether 2450 MHz radiation causes DNA damage in cultured mammalian cells. Exponentially growing U87MG and C3H 10T1/2 cells were exposed to 2450 MHz CW radiation at SARs of 0.7 and 1.9 W/kg for durations of 2 h, 2 h followed by 4-h incubation, 4 h, and 24 h. No significant differences were observed between the test group and the controls after exposure.
Ono T et al. · 2004
A possible mutagenic effect of 2.45 GHz radiofrequency exposure was examined using lacZ-transgenic MutaTM mice. Offspring were exposed in utero for 16 hours a day from embryonic day 0 to 15 and examined at 10 weeks of age. Mutation frequencies at the lacZ gene in spleen, liver, brain, and testis were similar to those in non-exposed mice. Sequencing of mutant DNAs showed no appreciable difference in mutation quality between exposed and non-exposed samples.
Cogulu O. · 2012
Researchers exposed mouse brain cell cultures to radiofrequency waves to evaluate genotoxic effects. The cultures were exposed to 10.715 GHz signals at a specific absorption rate of 0.725 W/kg for 6 hours over 3 days at 25°C. The study measured changes in the micronucleus assay and in the expression of 11 proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes. The micronuclei rate increased 11-fold and STAT3 expression decreased 7-fold in the exposed cell cultures.
Karaca E et al. · 2012
Turkish researchers exposed mouse brain cells to radiofrequency radiation at 10.715 GHz (similar to cell phone frequencies) for 6 hours daily over 3 days. They found an 11-fold increase in DNA damage markers and significant changes in gene expression related to cell death. This suggests that RF radiation at levels comparable to wireless devices can directly damage brain cell DNA and disrupt normal cellular functions.
Karaca E et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed mouse brain cells to radiofrequency radiation at 10.7 GHz (similar to cell phone frequencies) and found dramatic genetic damage. The radiation caused an 11-fold increase in micronuclei formation, which indicates DNA breaks and chromosomal damage, while also altering genes involved in cell death and survival. This laboratory study demonstrates that RF radiation at levels comparable to cell phone exposure can directly damage brain cell DNA.
Krause CM, Pesonen M, Haarala Björnberg C, Hämäläinen H. · 2007
Finnish researchers exposed 72 men to 902 MHz mobile phone radiation while they performed memory tasks, measuring brain wave patterns through EEG. The study found only modest, inconsistent effects on brain oscillations in the alpha frequency range, with no impact on actual memory performance. The researchers concluded that any brain wave changes from phone radiation appear to be subtle, variable, and difficult to replicate consistently.
Haarala C et al. · 2007
Researchers studied the effects of continuous wave and pulsed wave electromagnetic fields on cognitive function in 36 healthy male subjects. Subjects performed cognitive tasks during exposure to continuous wave, pulsed wave, and sham fields, with left- and right-sided exposure in a double-blind design. No effects were found between EMF conditions, hemisphere exposures, or between the control and experimental groups.
Paul Raj R, Behari J, Rao AR · 1999
The effect of exposing rats to amplitude-modulated radiofrequency radiation (112 MHz modulated to 16 Hz) during development and growth was examined. Wistar rats 35 days old exposed at 1.0 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.75 W/kg) for 35 days showed enhanced ornithine decarboxylase activity and Ca2+ efflux in brain.
Ning W, Xu SJ, Chiang H, Xu ZP, Zhou SY, Yang W, Luo JH · 2007
Researchers cultured hippocampal neurons from rats and exposed them to GSM 1800 MHz microwaves at either 2.4 or 0.8 W/kg for 15 minutes each day from DIV6 to DIV14. At 2.4 W/kg, the density and mobility of dendritic filopodia at DIV8 and the density of mature spines at DIV14 were significantly decreased, and the average length of dendrites per neuron at DIV10 and DIV14 was also decreased. Dendritic arborization was unaltered in the exposed neurons, and no significant changes were found in neurons exposed to 0.8 W/kg.
