Ghosn R et al. · 2015
Researchers recorded resting EEG in 26 healthy young subjects under sham and real RF exposure conditions in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Compared with the sham session, the exposure session showed a statistically significant decrease of alpha band spectral power during the closed-eyes condition. This effect persisted in the postexposure session, and no significant changes were detected in electrode impedance, salivary cortisol, or caffeine between conditions.
Curcio G, Mazzucchi E, Marca GD, Vollono C, Rossini PM · 2014
Italian researchers exposed 12 epilepsy patients to cell phone radiation (902.4 MHz GSM signal) for 45 minutes to see if it affected their brain's electrical activity and seizure patterns. They found that the radiation actually reduced seizure-related brain spikes slightly and caused some changes in brain wave patterns, but concluded these effects had no clinical significance for the patients' epilepsy management.
Haghani M, Shabani M, Moazzami K · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900-MHz pulse-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day throughout gestation, then evaluated ten offspring per group. Behavioral tests did not reveal any abnormalities in the exposed offspring. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings revealed decreased neuronal excitability of Purkinje cells, with changes in afterhyperpolarization amplitude, spike frequency, half width, and first spike latency.
Brescia F et al. · 2009
Researchers measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human lymphoblastoid cells exposed to a 1950 MHz UMTS signal at Specific Absorption Rates of 0.5 and 2.0 W/kg. Exposures ranged from short durations of 5 to 60 minutes up to 24 hours, and the study also tested RF radiation given before or at the same time as ferrous ions. RF exposure did not increase ROS formation or affect cell viability, and combining RF with ferrous ions did not produce more ROS than ferrous ions alone.
Brescia F et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed human immune cells to 1950 MHz cell phone radiation (the frequency used by 3G networks) to see if it would trigger oxidative stress, a cellular damage process linked to aging and disease. They tested various exposure durations and power levels, both alone and combined with iron compounds known to cause oxidative stress. The study found no increase in harmful reactive oxygen species or cell death from the radiation exposure under any conditions tested.
de Tommaso M et al. · 2009
Researchers evaluated whether 900 MHz GSM phone exposure changed a brain electrical measure called the initial contingent negative variation (iCNV) in healthy volunteers using a double blind design. Ten healthy right-handed volunteers were evaluated, each recorded during a 10 min time interval in each of the three experimental conditions: a real emitting phone, a sham phone whose power was dissipated internally, and a phone switched off. The iCNV amplitude decreased and habituation increased during both the real and sham phone conditions compared with the off condition, with no significant prevalence of iCNV amplitude reduction on the left side, where the phones were located.
Curcio G et al. · 2009
Researchers used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure frontal cortex oxygenation in eleven healthy volunteers during a 40-minute exposure to a GSM mobile phone signal. The study found a slight linear increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin over time during real exposure, but no other measure showed GSM exposure-dependent changes. The researchers noted that their results should be confirmed on a larger sample size and using a multichannel instrument that allows the investigation of a wider portion of the frontal cortex.
Curcio G et al. · 2008
Italian researchers exposed 24 people to GSM mobile phone radiation (902.40 MHz) for three separate 15-minute sessions and tested their reaction times and finger coordination after each exposure. They found no measurable effects on psychomotor performance, though there was a slight non-significant trend toward faster reaction times. The study suggests that brief, repeated mobile phone exposures at typical power levels don't impair basic motor skills and reflexes.
Manti L et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro to a UMTS signal at a frequency carrier of 1.95 GHz for 24 hours at 0.5 and 2.0 W/kg SAR. Cells were also given 4 Gy of X rays immediately before RF radiation or sham exposures, and chromosome aberrations were measured by fluorescence in situ hybridization. No significant variations due to the UMTS exposure were found in the fraction of aberrant cells, but the frequency of exchanges per cell showed a small but statistically significant increase of 0.11 exchange per cell compared to 0 W/kg SAR.
Rao VS et al. · 2008
The study used neuronal cells differentiated from a mouse embryonic stem cell line and a frequency-tunable applicator to examine calcium dynamics in real time. Control cells showed about five spontaneous calcium spikes per cell in 60 minutes, while exposure to 800 MHz RF radiation at 0.5 W/kg increased spikes to 15.7 per cell. The increase depended on frequency but not on SAR between 0.5 and 5 W/kg, and involved N-type calcium channels and phospholipase C enzymes. Microfilament disruption prevented the calcium spikes.
Manti L et al. · 2008
Italian researchers exposed human blood cells to cell phone radiation (1.95 GHz UMTS signal) for 24 hours, then hit them with X-rays to see if the RF exposure made the radiation damage worse. While the cell phone signals didn't increase the number of damaged cells, they did cause a small but measurable increase in the severity of chromosome damage within each affected cell at the higher exposure level (2.0 W/kg SAR). This suggests RF radiation might interfere with the cell's ability to repair DNA damage from other sources.
Curcio G et al. · 2008
The study investigated whether repeated brief exposures to a GSM mobile phone signal had a cumulative effect on psychomotor functions. After each of 3 15-min exposures, both an acoustic simple reaction time task and a sequential finger tapping task were administered to subjects. No cumulative effects were detected, though there was a non-statistical trend toward shorter reaction times.
Oberto G et al. · 2007
Researchers conducted an 18-month carcinogenicity study in Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz RF radiation at whole-body SAR levels of 0.5, 1.4, or 4.0 W/kg. A total of 500 mice, 50 per sex per group, were exposed, sham-exposed, or used as cage controls, and the study was conducted blind. The study found no effect of the RF radiation on tumor incidence at any site and did not confirm the earlier report of increased lymphomas in Repacholi et al.
Lantow M, Schuderer J, Hartwig C, Simko M. · 2006
Researchers exposed human immune cells to cell phone radiation at 1800 MHz (the frequency used by GSM networks) to see if it would trigger the production of harmful free radicals or stress proteins. Even at high exposure levels up to 2.0 W/kg, the radiation did not cause any significant increase in free radical production or stress protein expression in the cells. This suggests that cell phone radiation at these levels may not trigger the type of cellular damage that free radicals can cause.
Lantow M, Schuderer J, Hartwig C, Simko M. · 2006
Heat and PMA treatment significantly increased superoxide radical anions and ROS production in Mono Mac 6 cells. No significant differences in free radical production were detected after RF EMF exposure compared to controls. The GSM-DTX signal at 2 W/kg showed a significant difference versus sham due to a decreasing sham value, but this difference disappeared when compared to incubator controls. No significant effects on HSP70 expression were detected after RF EMF exposures.
Wilen J, Sandstrom M, Hansson Mild K. · 2003
Swedish researchers studied 2,402 mobile phone users and found that phones with higher radiation levels (above 0.5 watts per kilogram) combined with longer daily calling times increased symptoms like headaches and fatigue, suggesting both radiation output and usage duration affect health symptoms.
Heikkinen P et al. · 2003
Researchers evaluated the effects of low-level radiofrequency radiation on ultraviolet-induced skin tumorigenesis in ornithine decarboxylase transgenic and non-transgenic mice. UV exposure caused macroscopic skin tumours in 11.5% of non-transgenic and 36.8% of transgenic animals. Radiofrequency radiation did not significantly affect tumour development in either mouse type, though tumour appearance was slightly accelerated in non-transgenic animals. RFR exposure did not affect urinary melatonin metabolite excretion or skin polyamine levels.
Wilén J, Sandström M, Hansson Mild K · 2003
Researchers selected 2,402 people from an epidemiological study who used any of the four most common GSM MP. The study combined data on symptom prevalence, calling time per day, and number of calls per day with measurements of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The results indicated that SAR values above 0.5 W/kg may be an important factor for the prevalence of some symptoms, especially in combination with long calling times per day.
Philippova TM, Novoselov VI, Alekseev SI · 1994
Researchers studied the effects of continuous wave and pulse-modulated 900 MHz microwave fields on rat chemoreceptors using in vitro assays. Binding of H3-glutamic acid to hippocampal cells was unchanged after 15 minutes of continuous wave exposure at 1 W/kg, while binding of H3-dihydroalprenolol to neonatal liver-cell membranes decreased fivefold under the same conditions. The decrease was due to shedding of receptor elements into solution and correlated with oxygen concentration in the suspension.
Bolshakov MA, Alekseev SI · 1992
Researchers recorded spontaneous electrical activity and ionic currents of Lymnea stagnalis neurons during exposure to a 900-MHz field using modified microelectrode and voltage-clamp techniques. When subjected to pulsed waves, rapid burst-like changes in the firing rate of neurons occurred at SARs of a few W/kg. The effect was dependent on modulation but not on modulation frequency, with a threshold SAR near 0.5 W/kg. Continuous-wave radiation had no effect on the firing rate pattern at the same SAR. Mediator-induced activation of acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, or GABA receptors was not altered during either exposure, indicating these receptors were not responsible for the bursting effect.
Li Y, Shi C, Lu G, Xu Q, Liu S. · 2012
Researchers exposed 8-week-old Wistar rats to near-field radiation at 0.52–1.08 W/kg for 2 hours per day for 1 month. Behavioral changes were examined using the Morris water maze, and the irradiated rats exhibited impaired performance compared with the sham-irradiated rats. The morphological changes included mitochondrial degenerations, fewer synapses, and shorter postsynaptic densities in the radiated rats.
Aksen F, Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Askin M, Dasdag MM. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to radiofrequency radiation from cellular phones to study effects on trace elements, T1 relaxation times, and rectal temperature. Manganese and zinc levels in the serum of exposed rats were significantly different from the control group. Iron, copper, and T1 relaxation times in serum did not change significantly, and rectal temperature also showed no statistically significant difference between groups.
Dasdag S et al. · 2003
Sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into exposed and sham-exposed groups of eight each. The exposed group received cell phone radiation for 20 minutes per day, seven days a week, for one month. No statistically significant alterations were found in any endpoints, including sperm count, morphology, testicular histology, lipid composition, malondialdehyde concentration, p53 immune reactivity, or rectal temperature.
Alon L, Cho GY, Yang X, Sodickson DK, Deniz CM. · 2014
Researchers investigated MR temperature mapping and 10-g average specific absorption rate (SAR) computation for safety evaluation of RF-emitting devices. They tested an MRI-compatible dipole antenna and a non-MRI-compatible mobile phone, measuring temperature changes in phantoms and comparing results with physical probe measurements and electromagnetic field simulations. The researchers concluded that MR temperature mapping alongside physical property measurements can assess RF/microwave safety with high resolution and fidelity.
Hareuveny R, Eliyahu I, Luria R, Meiran N, Margaliot M · 2011
Researchers tested whether cell phone radiation affects cognitive function by having 29 men perform memory tasks while phones were attached to their heads. In a clever twist, they used external antennas placed far away to drastically reduce the actual radiation exposure from the phones. Despite the minimal radiation, they still found the same cognitive effects as in their previous studies with normal phone exposure.
