Ingole IV, Ghosh SK. · 2012
Researchers exposed chick embryos to radiofrequency radiation emitted by a cell phone by varying the duration of exposure to create different doses. Light microscopic examination revealed that developing dorsal root ganglion neurons suffered damage that was dose dependent. The damage persisted even when exposure-free periods were given between exposures.
Fattahi-Asl J et al. · 2012
Fifty human serum wells from 25 normal healthy donors were labeled with ruthenium for an immunoassay and placed into two batches. The first batch was exposed to 900 MHz radiation from a Nokia 1202 cell phone in speech mode for 30 minutes. Ferritin levels in the exposed batch averaged 84.94 ± 1.04 μg/L versus 87.25 ± 0.83 μg/L in the unexposed batch, a significant decrease (P = 0.029).
Kesari KK, Behari J. · 2012
Seventy-day-old Wistar rats were exposed to mobile phone radiofrequency radiation for two hours per day for 45 days and compared with a sham-exposed group. RF-exposed animals had a significant decrease in testosterone and an increase in caspase-3 activity. Distortions in sperm head and mid piece of sperm mitochondrial sheath were observed via transmission electron microscopy. Progeny from RF-exposed rats showed significant decreases in number and weight compared to sham-exposed animals.
Zeni O et al. · 2012
When lymphocytes from six donors were pre-exposed to RF at 0.3W/kg SAR and then treated with MMC, these cells showed a significant reduction in the frequency of MN compared with cells treated with MMC alone, indicating adaptive response. An earlier study found that lymphocytes stimulated for 24h, exposed for 20h to a 900MHz RF GSM signal at 1.25W/kg SAR and then treated with 100ng/ml MMC also exhibited adaptive response. In the current study, cells from nine healthy human volunteers were stimulated for 24h with phytohaemagglutinin, exposed for 20h to a 1950MHz RF UMTS signal at SARs of 1.25, 0.6, 0.3, and 0.15W/kg, then treated at 48h with 100ng/ml mitomycin C, and micronuclei frequency was recorded at 72h using the cytokinesis-block method.
Sun W, Shen X, Lu D, Fu Y, Lu D, Chiang H · 2012
Researchers investigated the effects of 1.8-GHz RFR at different intensities on EGF receptor clustering and phosphorylation in human amniotic (FL) cells. Receptor clustering was analyzed by immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy, and phosphorylation was measured by western blot. Exposure at SAR 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 W/kg significantly induced clustering and phosphorylation, while SAR 0.1 W/kg had no significant effect. The authors concluded that membrane receptors may be a primary target of RFR, with a dose-rate threshold between 0.1 and 0.5 W/kg and a sigmoid dependence on intensity.
Sekeroğlu V, Akar A, Sekeroğlu ZA · 2012
Researchers investigated the cytogenotoxic effects of 1800 MHz electromagnetic fields on bone marrow cells of immature and mature rats over 45 days with a 15-day recovery period. Significant differences were observed in chromosome aberrations, micronucleus frequency, mitotic index, and polychromatic erythrocyte ratio in all treatment groups. A 15-day recovery period did not improve the cytogenotoxic damage in immature rats.
Jin Z, Zong C, Jiang B, Zhou Z, Tong J, Cao Y. · 2012
Researchers pre-exposed human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 12 µW/cm2 power density for 1 hour/day for 3 days, then treated them with doxorubicin at 0.125 mg/L. Radiofrequency exposure alone showed no significant differences from unexposed or sham-exposed control cells. Compared with doxorubicin treatment alone, cells that received radiofrequency pre-exposure before doxorubicin showed increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased intracellular calcium, and increased Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity.
Hekmat A, Saboury AA, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. · 2012
Researchers exposed calf thymus DNA to mobile phone radiofrequency fields at 940 MHz, 15 V/m, and a SAR of 40 mW/kg, then examined the DNA immediately after exposure and again two hours after a 45-minute exposure using several laboratory instruments. UV-vis and circular dichroism experiments showed that the EMFs caused disturbance in the DNA structure. Exposed DNA samples were relatively thermally unstable compared to unexposed DNA, and showed more fluorescence emission, which the researchers suggested may have occurred due to expansion of the exposed DNA structure. The structure of the DNA immediately after exposure was not significantly different from the DNA sample two hours after the 45-minute exposure, suggesting the changes were irreversible.
Jiang B, Nie J, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Tong J, Cao Y. · 2012
Researchers pre-exposed mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 120 µW/cm2 for 4 hours per day for 1, 3, 5, 7, or 14 days, then subjected them to an acute dose of 3 Gy of gamma-radiation. DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes was measured using the alkaline comet assay, which detects alkali labile base damage and single strand breaks. Mice pre-exposed to radiofrequency fields for just 1 day showed damage similar to those exposed to gamma-radiation alone, but pre-exposure for 3 or more days led to progressively decreased damage.
Lu YS, Huang BT, Huang YX. · 2012
Researchers studied reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at a specific absorption rate of ~0.4 W/kg. ROS was found to play an important role in apoptosis when exposure lasted longer than two hours, with apoptosis induced through the mitochondrial pathway and mediated by activating ROS and caspase-3, and decreasing the mitochondrial potential. The imbalance between antioxidant defenses and ROS formation was associated with about 37% human PBMC death in eight hours.
Güler G et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed infant rabbits to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF radiation and measured lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in their livers. Lipid peroxidation levels in liver tissue increased in both female and male infant rabbits under RF radiation exposure. Liver 8-OHdG levels, a marker of DNA damage, increased in exposed female rabbits but showed no change in exposed male rabbits. The researchers concluded that GSM-like RF radiation may induce biochemical changes by increasing free radical attacks to structural biomolecules in the rabbit model.
Avci B, Akar A, Bilgici B, Tunçel ÖK · 2012
Researchers divided 66 albino Wistar rats into three groups to study oxidative damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and whether garlic extract could protect against it. After radiofrequency exposure, advanced oxidation protein product levels in brain tissue increased compared with the control group. Garlic administration alongside radiofrequency exposure significantly reduced those protein oxidation levels in brain tissue. No significant differences were found among the groups for malondialdehyde levels in brain tissue and blood, or for serum paraoxonase levels.
Pilla AA · 2012
Researchers tested how a non-thermal pulse-modulated RF signal affected nitric oxide release in dopaminergic MN9D neuronal cells challenged with lipopolysaccharides and in human fibroblast cultures challenged with low serum. In dopaminergic MN9D cultures, the signal produced an immediate nearly three-fold increase in nitric oxide, measured in real-time using a nitric oxide selective membrane electrode. In human fibroblast cultures challenged with low serum and exposed for 15 minutes to the same signal, nitric oxide increased nearly two-fold, and this increase could be blocked by the calmodulin antagonist W-7.
Maskey D, Kim HJ, Kim HG, Kim MJ. · 2012
Researchers exposed mice to 835 MHz radiofrequency at SAR values of 1.6 W/kg and 4.0 W/kg for one month to study effects in the hippocampus. Compared with a sham control group, both exposed groups showed decreased calbindin D28-k and calretinin, loss of immunoreactive cells, and increased GFAP with hypertrophic cytoplasmic processes. The group exposed at 4.0 W/kg showed a more prominent decrease in calbindin and calretinin, and more prominent GFAP immunoreactivity, than the group exposed at 1.6 W/kg.
Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B · 2012
Researchers exposed male rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 2 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 10 months, then measured beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde levels were found to be higher in the brains of exposed rats. Only the increase in protein carbonyl was statistically significant (p < 0.001).
Khalil AM, Gagaa M, Alshamali A. · 2012
Researchers exposed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to mobile phone radio frequency radiation from a GSM signal generator at a whole-body specific absorption rate of 1.0 W/kg for 2 hours. Urinary levels of 8-oxodG, described as one major form of oxidative DNA damage, were significantly elevated in exposed rats compared to controls at most time points.
Cogulu O. · 2012
Researchers exposed mouse brain cell cultures to radiofrequency waves to evaluate genotoxic effects. The cultures were exposed to 10.715 GHz signals at a specific absorption rate of 0.725 W/kg for 6 hours over 3 days at 25°C. The study measured changes in the micronucleus assay and in the expression of 11 proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes. The micronuclei rate increased 11-fold and STAT3 expression decreased 7-fold in the exposed cell cultures.
Chen G, Lu D, Chiang H, Leszczynski D, Xu Z. · 2012
Researchers used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study how exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and radiofrequency EMF affects gene expression. Yeast cells were exposed for 6 hours to either 0.4 mT 50 Hz ELF-MF or 1800 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 4.7 W/kg. The study found no confirmed gene expression changes from ELF-MF exposure, and only the expressions of SMC3 and AQY2 were confirmed as responsive to RF-EMF.
Roux D et al. · 2011
Bourthoumieu S et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the potential induction of genomic instability by GSM-900 MHz radiofrequency radiation in human amniotic cells exposed for 24 h to average-specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.25, 1, 2 and 4 W/kg. The rate of aneuploidy of chromosomes 11 and 17 was determined by interphase FISH immediately after independent exposure of three different donors for 24 h. No significant change in the rate of aneuploidy of chromosomes 11 and 17 was found at average SAR up to 4 W/kg.
Sakurai T et al. · 2011
The study used DNA microarray to examine gene expression in SVGp12 human glial cells after exposure to 2.45 GHz continuous-wave RF fields at SARs of 1, 5, and 10 W/kg for 1, 4, and 24 hours. Microarray analysis identified 23 assigned and 5 non-assigned gene spots as potentially altered. Follow-up RT-PCR analysis of Twenty-two genes showed no significant alterations in gene expression. The authors concluded that under their experimental conditions they found no evidence that RF field exposure affected gene expression in SVGp12 cells.
Lukac N et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed bovine semen to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF-EMW in vitro and measured motility at 0, 30, 120, and 420 minutes using a computer-assisted semen analyzer. The percentage of motile and progressively motile sperm decreased significantly after 120 and 420 minutes of exposure. Average path distance decreased after 30 and 420 minutes, while path velocity initially increased at 30 minutes but decreased at 420 minutes. Amplitude of lateral head displacement also decreased significantly after 420 minutes.
Jorge-Mora T et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus using c-Fos protein expression as a marker of cellular activation. Rats were exposed once or repeatedly (ten times in two weeks) to 2.45 GHz radiation at power intensities of 3 and 12 W in a GTEM cell, with SAR determined by Finite Difference Time Domain calculation. High SAR increased c-Fos expression at 90 minutes and 24 hours post-exposure, low SAR increased c-Fos counts at 24 hours, and repeated 3 W exposure increased PVN activation by more than 100% compared to acute exposure and non-radiated controls.
Sannino A et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes in G0, G1, or S-phase to 900 MHz RF at 1.25 W/kg for 20 hours, then treated them with mitomycin C. The incidence of micronuclei was evaluated to determine adaptive response. Cells exposed in S-phase showed an adaptive response, while those exposed in G0 or G1 did not.
Esmekaya MA et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the mutagenic and morphologic effects of 1.8GHz GSM radiofrequency radiation, alone and combined with Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) pre-treatment, in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using Sister Chromatid Exchange and electron microscopy. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in Sister Chromatid Exchange frequency in RF-exposed lymphocytes compared to sham controls. RF radiation also inhibited cell viability in a time-dependent manner, and EGb 761 pre-treatment significantly increased cell viability at 8 and 24 hours compared to RF-exposed groups alone.
