Outdoor EMF Infrastructure Research

Exposure of human lymphocytes to sweeping-frequency ELF MF

Unknown authors · 2025

Exposure to 5G-NR electromagnetic fields affects larval development of Aedes aegypti mosquito

De Borre E, De Massia C, Boone MN, Müller P, Thielens A · 2025

The effects of short-term and long-term 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation on adult rat auditory brainstem response

Er H, Basaranlar G., Derin N., Kantar D, Ozen S. · 2025

Researchers exposed adult rats to 2100 MHz RFR for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, for either 1 week or 10 weeks, with sham controls. In the 1-week exposure group, all auditory brainstem response wave latencies were prolonged, oxidative stress markers increased, and antioxidant enzyme activities decreased. Acute exposure also caused edema in neurons, astrocytes, and astrocytic end-feet, as well as mitochondrial damage in astrocytes. The 10-week exposure group showed no harmful effects on the auditory system.

A Prolonged exposure to Wi-Fi Radiation Induces Neurobehavioral Changes and Oxidative Stress in Adult Zebrafish

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers evaluated the impact of 2.45GHz Wi-Fi radiation exposure for 4 hours daily over a consecutive 30-day period on neurobehavioral and brain oxidative stress parameters in adult zebrafish. Post-exposure assessments revealed significant neurobehavioral impairments, altered locomotion, decreased neurotransmitter levels (AChE), and increased oxidative stress.

Effects of 2100 MHz radio-frequency fields on brain tissues and plasma of normal rats and obese rats

Günay S, Delen K, Özkan ET, Kuzay Aksoy D, Sırav Aral B · 2025

Effects of Simultaneous In-Vitro Exposure to 5G-Modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-Modulated 1.8 GHz Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Neuronal Network Electrical Activity and Cellular Stress in Skin Fibroblast Cells

Unknown authors · 2025

The study evaluated the in-vitro impact of simultaneous exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz signals on neuronal electrical activity, mitochondrial ROS production, and cellular stress protein responses. Primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts were exposed at SARs of 1 or 4 W/kg for 15 minutes or 24 hours, respectively. No significant effects were found on the mean bursting rate or mean firing rate of cortical neurons, mitochondrial ROS production in fibroblasts remained unaffected, and HSF1 basal activity and responsiveness to MG132 showed no change. BRET assays detected only minor, inconsistent variations in RAS and PML basal activity and drug responsiveness, near the detection threshold.

Effects of 700MHz radiofrequency radiation (5G lower band) on the reproductive parameters of female Wistar rats

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers exposed female Wistar rats to 700MHz radiation for short-term (6 hours daily for 10 days) and long-term (4 hours daily for 60 days) periods. No changes were seen in estrous cycles or DNA damage in either exposure group. Testosterone levels increased significantly in exposed rats, while estradiol and progesterone remained normal. Exposed ovaries showed elevated malondialdehyde and reduced superoxide dismutase, total sulfhydryl content, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Histopathology revealed no significant ovarian morphology changes after short-term exposure but cystic follicles and abnormal vasculature after long-term exposure.

3.5GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on metabolic disorders in Drosophila melanogaster

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers exposed newborn male Drosophila melanogaster to 3.5 GHz RF-EMF at 0.1, 1, and 10 W/m2 continuously throughout their life cycle in constant darkness. Metabolomic analysis after long-term exposure revealed disruptions in four metabolic pathways and 34 differential metabolites. Key metabolites including GABA, glucose-6-phosphate, AMP, N-formylglycinamide nucleotide, LPC, and MG showed significant decreases. The authors suggest that long-term electromagnetic wave treatment may reduce overall metabolic levels in fruit flies.

Altered development in rodent brain cells after 900MHz radiofrequency exposure

Unknown authors · 2025

Male Reproductive and Cellular Damage After Prenatal 3.5 GHz Radiation Exposure: One-Year Postnatal Effects

Gelenli Dolanbay E et al. · 2025

Pregnant Wistar Hannover rats were divided into sham control, full-gestation exposure (3T RFR), and late-gestation exposure (2T RFR) groups with 2 hours of exposure per day. Male offspring were euthanized at 12 months for testicular analysis. In the full-gestation exposure group, seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelial height were significantly reduced compared to controls. Abnormal sperm morphology increased significantly in the full-gestation exposure group. DNA damage markers and apoptosis were elevated in both exposure groups compared to sham.

Effects of 700MHz radiofrequency radiation (5G lower band) on the reproductive parameters of female Wistar rats

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers exposed female rats to 700MHz 5G radiation for either 10 days (6 hours daily) or 60 days (4 hours daily) to study reproductive effects. While hormone levels and fertility cycles remained mostly normal, long-term exposure caused oxidative stress in ovaries and tissue changes including cystic follicles. The findings suggest prolonged 5G exposure may harm reproductive organs through cellular damage.

Prolonged 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz RF-EMF Exposure Alters Testicular Immune Balance, Apoptotic Gene Expression, and Sperm Function in Rats

Syed Taha SMA et al. · 2025

Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6 per group) were exposed for 60 days to 3.5 GHz or 24 GHz RF-EMF for 1 h/day or 7 h/day, and testicular cytokines, apoptosis-related genes, and sperm quality were evaluated. IL-10 was significantly reduced in the 24 GHz group at both 1-h and 7-h exposure duration, and at 7 h TNF-α was also lower at 24 GHz. Casp3 expression was higher and Tp53 was lower at 3.5 GHz at 1-h exposure duration. Sperm concentration and viability were reduced after 24 GHz exposure at 7 h, while sperm motility was reduced after 3.5 GHz exposure at both durations.

Altered development in rodent brain cells after 900MHz radiofrequency exposure

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers exposed developing rats to 900MHz cell phone radiation at levels considered safe by current regulations (0.08 and 0.4 W/kg SAR). They found significant changes in brain development, including reduced brain growth factors, altered cell division, and disrupted formation of neural connections. The study suggests developing brains may be particularly vulnerable to wireless radiation even at supposedly safe exposure levels.

The effects of short-term and long- term 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation on adult rat auditory brainstem response

Er H, Basaranlar G., Derin N., Kantar D, Ozen S. · 2025

Researchers exposed adult rats to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the frequency used by 3G cell phones) for either 1 week or 10 weeks, 2 hours daily. Short-term exposure delayed auditory brainstem responses and caused brain oxidative damage, while longer exposure with rest days showed no harmful effects. This suggests acute cell phone radiation exposure may temporarily impair hearing function.

A Prolonged exposure to Wi-Fi Radiation Induces Neurobehavioral Changes and Oxidative Stress in Adult Zebrafish

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers exposed adult zebrafish to Wi-Fi radiation (2.45 GHz) for 4 hours daily over 30 days and found significant behavioral problems, movement changes, reduced brain chemicals, and increased oxidative stress. This study adds to growing evidence that chronic Wi-Fi exposure may harm brain function in vertebrates.

Modulation of brain functional connectivity in healthy young adults following GSM radiofrequency exposure: A magnetoencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging study

Iranfar S, Wallace J, Selmaoui B, Yahia-Cherif L · 2025

The study aimed to test whether GSM radiofrequency exposure modulates brain functional connectivity. Healthy young adults were exposed to GSM signals at 900 MHz, modulated at 217 Hz with a maximum power of 2 W. Real exposure produced significant alterations in intra-hemispheric functional connectivity, especially in right-hemisphere regions such as the transverse temporal, entorhinal, insula, and posterior cingulate.

The Influence of an Electromagnetic Field at a Radiofrequency of 900 MHz on the Behavior of a Honey Bee

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers exposed honey bee workers to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields of varying intensities and durations in wooden cages. Behavior was analyzed by computer program immediately after exposure and again seven days later. The radiofrequency field affected bee behavior compared to unexposed controls, though not all results were statistically significant. Significant effects were seen seven days after exposure in walking, flight, and individual contact.

Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on Cognitive Function in Elderly Subjects (60+ years) - Results of an Experimental Randomized Sham Controlled Double- Blind Cross- Over Study in Women and in Men

Sauter C et al. · 2025

Sixty healthy women and men aged 60 to 80 years completed four attentional tasks in nine sessions while exposed to GSM 900 MHz, TETRA 385 MHz, or sham exposure. Two of 16 performance measures were significantly affected by exposure in women only, with worse accuracy in an n-back task under GSM exposure in the easier version and under TETRA exposure in the highest level. Performance of women and men did not differ significantly overall, and only one significant sex-exposure interaction was observed under TETRA exposure, indicating better performance in men and worse in women compared to sham. The researchers concluded that overall cognitive performance of healthy elderly participants was not affected by short-term RF-EMF exposure.

The CB1R of mPFC is involved in anxiety-like behavior induced by 0.8/2.65 GHz dual-frequency electromagnetic radiation

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers established a dual-frequency EMR mouse model at 0.8/2.65 GHz. Exposure to this dual-frequency EMR significantly induced anxiety-like behavior in mice. Molecular experiments showed a significant decrease in CB1R levels in the medial prefrontal cortex along with a notable reduction in the endogenous cannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide, indicating downregulation of the entire endocannabinoid system. Overexpressing and knocking down CB1R in the medial prefrontal cortex confirmed that increasing mPFC CB1R levels reduced anxiety-like behavior while decreasing mPFC CB1R levels exacerbated it. Dual-frequency EMR also induced changes in the endocannabinoid system in the basolateral amygdala, and female mice exhibited similar behavioral phenotypes and molecular mechanisms.

The Effect of 5G Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Exposure on Corticospinal and Intracortical Excitability in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Unknown authors · 2025

Nineteen healthy participants with a mean age of 36.5 years were exposed to 5G mobile phone exposure at 3.6 GHz and 0.0030 W/m2 for 5 and 20 minutes. Corticospinal excitability, intracortical facilitation, short intracortical inhibition, and long intracortical inhibition were measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation before and after exposure. A repeated-measures ANOVA found no significant interactions between exposure condition and time for any of these measures (all p > 0.15). Bayesian analyses gave Bayes factors close to 1, indicating inconclusive evidence for both the null and alternative hypotheses.

Altered development in rodent brain cells after 900MHz radiofrequency exposure

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers exposed developing rats to 900MHz cell phone radiation at levels considered safe by current regulations (0.08 and 0.4 W/kg SAR). The study found significant changes in brain development, including reduced brain growth factors, fewer new brain cells, disrupted nerve connections, and DNA damage in neural stem cells. These effects occurred at exposure levels typical of everyday cell phone use.

Behaviour and reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to 3.6 GHz radio- frequency electromagnetic fields

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers created a 3D digital twin of an adult fruit fly using micro-CT scans and used it in numerical simulations to estimate absorbed power at 3.6 GHz. They exposed adult Drosophila melanogaster to 3.6 GHz fields for 5 days at 5.4 to 9 V/m (3.56 to 9.88 nW absorbed) and measured locomotor activity. They also exposed flies for 48 hours at an absorption level of 1.91 mW and measured fecundity. No effects were found on either locomotor activity or fecundity.

Male Reproductive and Cellular Damage After Prenatal 3.5 GHz Radiation Exposure: One-Year Postnatal Effects

Gelenli Dolanbay E et al. · 2025

Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to 5G frequencies) and found that their male offspring developed severe testicular damage by adulthood. The exposed rats showed reduced sperm production, increased DNA damage, and higher rates of cell death in reproductive tissues compared to unexposed controls.

Effects of 700MHz radiofrequency radiation (5G lower band) on the reproductive parameters of female Wistar rats

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers exposed female rats to 700MHz 5G radiation for either 10 days (6 hours daily) or 60 days (4 hours daily) to study reproductive effects. While hormone levels and DNA remained mostly normal, long-term exposure caused oxidative stress in ovaries and tissue changes including cystic follicles. The findings suggest prolonged 5G exposure may harm female reproductive organs through cellular damage.

One-year follow-up of thyroid status in rats exposed to 2.45 Ghz radiofrequency radiation during the prenatal period

Özyılmaz C et al. · 2025