Martinez-Burdalo M, Martin A, Anguiano M, Villar R · 2005
Researchers analyzed safety assessment procedures for human exposure near cellular base-station antennas at 900, 1800, and 2170 MHz. They compared distances where electromagnetic fields were below reference levels with distances where specific absorption rate (SAR) values in an exposed person were below basic restrictions according to European guidelines. A high-resolution human body model was placed in front of each antenna at different distances to compute whole-body averaged SAR and maximum 10 g averaged SAR. The finite-difference time-domain method was used for both electromagnetic field and SAR calculations.
Hata K et al. · 2005
The study aimed to clarify the effects of short-term 1439 MHz TDMA exposure on melatonin synthesis in rats. Researchers investigated 208 male and female rats with brain SAR of 7.5 W/kg and whole-body SAR of 1.9 to 2.0 W/kg. After a 12-hour light-dark cycle, serum and pineal melatonin and pineal serotonin were measured by radioimmunoassay in darkness. No significant differences in melatonin or serotonin levels were found between exposed, sham, and cage control groups.
Whitehead TD et al. · 2005
The study aimed to confirm a previous report that CDMA and FDMA radiation increased Fos levels as cells entered plateau phase. Fos mRNA levels were not significantly different from sham exposure at either SAR level for any signal modulation. Therefore, the earlier results could not be confirmed.
Koyu A et al. · 2005
Researchers studied the effects of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz EMF on nocturnal serum melatonin in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed for 30 minutes per day, five days per week for four weeks. Serum melatonin concentrations were measured at 12:00 pm using a radioimmunoassay method. No statistically significant differences in melatonin levels were found between the 900 MHz exposed group and the sham group, nor between the 1800 MHz exposed group and the sham group.
Pau HW, Sievert U, Eggert S, Wild W · 2005
Researchers applied a simulated GSM signal to one ear at a time while recording video nystagmography in 13 volunteers. No EM radiation-induced nystagmus was recorded in any volunteer. In human temporal bones, very weak caloric effects were only found near the antenna, while the horizontal semicircular canal seemed unaffected with temperature changes below 0.1 degree C.
Cosquer B, Vasconcelos AP, Frohlich J, Cassel JC. · 2005
Wang J et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed mouse C3H10T1/2 cells to 2450 MHz HFEMF at SARs of 5 to 200 W/kg for 2 hours, with or without methylcholanthrene (MC) and the tumor promoter TPA. Transformed foci of Type II and Type III were counted as the endpoint. No significant differences were observed in malignant transformation frequency between controls and HFEMF with or without TPA. Transformation frequency increased for HFEMF at SAR above 100 W/kg when combined with MC or MC plus TPA, while heat exposure did not increase transformation.
Lee JS, Huang TQ, Lee JJ, Pack JK, Jang JJ, Seo JS. · 2005
Researchers exposed eight-week-old hsp70.1-deficient mice twice daily for 45 minutes with a 15-minute interval, five days a week for ten weeks at a whole-body average specific absorption rate of 0.4 W/Kg for both 849 MHz and 1763 MHz fields. They examined major tissues histopathologically, assessed cell proliferative activity immunocytochemically, measured apoptosis with a TUNEL assay, and evaluated heat shock protein expression and stress-activated kinase phosphorylation by western blot. No histopathological differences were found between sham- and RF-exposed mice, and there was no evidence of increased proliferative or apoptotic activity. Levels of HSP90, HSP70, and HSP25 showed no obvious changes, and RF exposure did not affect phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, or p38 MAPK.
Unknown authors · 2005
Researchers exposed two-month-old Wistar male rats to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields at 100-300 microT and 54-160 V/m for 4 h a day, seven days a week for one month. After sacrifice, skin and thyroid samples were processed for toluidine blue staining or indirect immunohistochemistry, and stereological analysis was performed using an M42 grid and a special microscopic frame. The numerical and volume density of intact type A mast cells in the thyroid was significantly higher in the exposed group compared to controls. Mast cells and immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in the skin, and histamine-immunoreactive mast cells were observed in the thyroid of exposed animals. However, the differences in stereological data were not statistically significant by the Mann-Whitney test.
Unknown authors · 2005
Serbian researchers exposed male rats to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) for 4 hours daily over one month. They found significant increases in specific immune cells called mast cells in the thyroid gland, along with changes to nerve fibers in skin tissue. These cellular changes suggest the body's immune and nervous systems respond to power-frequency EMF exposure.
Huang TQ, Lee JS, Kim TH, Pack JK, Jang JJ, Seo JS. · 2005
The study used 80 male ICR mice initiated with DMBA and then exposed to 849 MHz or 1,763 MHz RF radiation at 0.4 W/kg SAR for 19 weeks. No skin tumors were observed in the sham or RF-exposed groups, while the TPA positive control group had a 95% tumor incidence. Pathological examination and PCNA staining showed no differences between sham and RF-exposed groups, and cyclin D1 and c-fos expression was only detected in TPA-induced tumors. The researchers concluded that RF radiation does not act as a tumor promoter for skin tumors in this model.
Aksoy U, Sahin S, Ozkoc S, Ergor G. · 2005
Researchers exposed cultures of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation from a digital mobile phone for 24 hours. The number of living parasites of both species decreased significantly after exposure at 37 °C and at room temperature compared with unexposed controls.
Unknown authors · 2005
Researchers exposed human placental cotyledons to magnetic fields of 2 mT and 5 mT at 50 Hz for 3 hours in vitro. They measured the concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in cellular DNA. The results suggest that placental tissues possess a capacity to protect DNA against oxidative alterations from magnetic field intensities that have caused DNA damage in rat brain cells and electrolyte imbalances in cotyledons.
Wang Q, Cao ZJ, Bai XT. · 2005
Researchers exposed cerebral cortical neurons from postnatal rats to 900 MHz continuous microwave EMF with a SAR of 1.15 to 3.22 mW/g for 2 hours per day over 6 consecutive days and for 12 hours at one time. GABA receptor was selected as the biological endpoint. Significant changes in GABA receptor expression were observed in exposed neurons (P < 0.01), and the expression was significantly regulated by the microwave with a power window effect.
Unknown authors · 2005
Researchers exposed insulin solution to a pulsed electric field of 0.7 V/m at 50 Hz for 20 minutes and then added it to human hepatocyte cultures. They investigated insulin signaling events including ligand-receptor binding, tyrosine phosphorylation, gene transcription, and cell proliferation using multiple methods. PEF exposure caused a conformational change in insulin, reduced its receptor binding capacity to 87% of control, and decreased intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation by 11%. The expression of 55 out of 12000 genes was altered, including increased expression of human tyrosine phosphatase and a small GTP-binding protein.
Unknown authors · 2005
Researchers exposed insulin to a pulsed electric field at 50 Hz (0.7 V/m) for 20 minutes, then tested it on human liver cells. The exposed insulin lost effectiveness, binding 13% less effectively to cell receptors and reducing cellular signaling, which led to decreased cell proliferation. This demonstrates that EMF exposure can alter the molecular structure of hormones, potentially disrupting their biological function.
Seaman RL, Phelix CF. · 2005
3-NP significantly increased ER intracisternal width, ER area density, and nuclear envelope thickness. Microwave exposure at 6 W/kg alone also significantly increased these measures. Exposure of 3-NP-treated animals at 0.6 W/kg reduced the effects of 3-NP.
Unknown authors · 2005
Researchers studied the effect of 900MHz low-intensity microwave fields on AMPA GluR2 protein and intracellular calcium in postnatal rat cerebral cortical neurons. Neurons were exposed to continuous 900MHz microwaves at SAR values of 3.22, 2.23, and 1.15 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 4 or 6 consecutive days, and also for 12 hours at 3.22 W/kg. Compared with sham exposure, GluR2 protein was significantly down-regulated and intracellular calcium was significantly up-regulated in the exposed neurons.
Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O, Rudiger H · 2005
This in vitro study examined whether 1800MHz mobile phone radiation could cause DNA breakage in human fibroblasts and transformed rat granulosa cells through non-thermal mechanisms. The research investigated potential genetic damage from radiofrequency radiation at frequencies used in mobile phone communications.
Nikolova T et al. · 2005
ELF-EMF significantly affected transcript levels of bcl-2, bax, and GADD45 genes but did not affect neural-specific gene mRNA levels. RF-EMF down-regulated neural-specific Nurr1 and up-regulated bax and GADD45 mRNA levels. Short-term RF-EMF exposure for 6 hours caused a transient increase in DNA double-strand breaks, while 48-hour exposure did not. No effects were observed on mitochondrial function, nuclear apoptosis, cell proliferation, or chromosomal alterations.
Trosic I, Busljeta I. · 2005
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz continuous RF/MW radiation for 2 hours daily, 7 days a week, at 5–10 mW/cm², with subgroups receiving 4, 16, 30, and 60 total hours of exposure. The frequency of micronucleated bone marrow erythrocytes was significantly increased after 15 irradiation treatments. No statistically significant differences in micronucleus frequency were observed after 2, 8, or 30 irradiation treatments.
Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O, Rudiger H. · 2005
Researchers exposed cultured human diploid fibroblasts and transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells to 1800 MHz RF-EMF at SAR levels of 1.2 or 2 W/kg, using both intermittent and continuous exposures. DNA strand breaks were determined by means of the alkaline and neutral comet assay. Effects occurred after 16 h exposure in both cell types, and intermittent exposure showed a stronger effect in the comet assay than continuous exposure. The researchers concluded that the induced DNA damage cannot be based on thermal effects.
Zotti-Martelli L et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed whole blood samples from nine healthy donors to continuous 1800-MHz microwave radiation at power densities of 5, 10 and 20 mW/cm2 for 60, 120 and 180 minutes, measuring genotoxic effects using the micronucleus assay. A statistically significant but rather low increase in micronuclei was observed depending on exposure time and applied power density. Both spontaneous and induced micronuclei frequencies varied significantly among donors, and the experiment was repeated three months later to test reproducibility.
Baohong Wang et al. · 2005
Researchers studied whether 1.8 GHz radiofrequency field radiation (RFR) at a SAR of 3 W/kg could interact with four chemical mutagens to damage DNA in human lymphocytes in vitro. DNA damage was detected using comet assay at two incubation times after treatment. RFR alone showed no difference in DNA damage compared to the control group, but co-exposure with MMC or 4NQO produced significantly greater DNA damage than those chemicals alone. Co-exposure with bleomycin or methyl methanesulfonate did not significantly increase DNA damage compared with those chemicals alone.
Wolf FI et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed HL-60 leukemia cells, Rat-1 fibroblasts, and WI-38 diploid fibroblasts to 0.5–1.0-mT 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields for 24–72 hours. The treatment produced a dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation, with about a 30% increase after 72 hours of exposure to 1.0 mT. A dose-dependent increase in DNA damage was observed in all cell lines, with two peaks occurring at 24 and 72 hours. Both effects were prevented by pretreatment with α-tocopherol, suggesting that redox reactions were involved.
