Novoselova ET, Fesenko EE. · 1998
Russian researchers exposed mice to extremely weak microwave radiation (8.15-18 GHz at 1 microW/cm²) and found it significantly increased production of tumor necrosis factor in immune cells called macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor is a key protein that triggers inflammation and immune responses in the body. This suggests that even very low-power microwave radiation can alter immune system function.
Nakamura et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz for 90 minutes and found it suppressed natural killer cells, which fight infections and cancer. This immune suppression occurred through the body's opioid system, showing microwave exposure can weaken immunity during pregnancy when protection is most critical.
Malyapa RS et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (the same frequency used in microwave ovens) for 2 hours to test whether it causes DNA breaks in brain cells. They found no DNA damage in either the brain's cortex or hippocampus regions, contradicting an earlier study that reported such damage. This suggests that short-term exposure to this type of microwave radiation at moderate levels may not harm brain cell DNA.
Malyapa RS et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed lab-grown cells to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and older WiFi) for up to 24 hours to see if it would damage DNA. Using a highly sensitive test called the comet assay, they found no DNA damage at either exposure level tested. This contradicted earlier studies that suggested microwave radiation could break DNA strands in brain cells.
Vijayalaxmi et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed cancer-prone mice to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and some WiFi) for 20 hours daily over 18 months to test whether it causes DNA damage. They measured micronuclei - tiny fragments that indicate genetic damage - in blood and bone marrow cells. The study found no significant difference in DNA damage between exposed and unexposed mice, suggesting this level of RF exposure did not cause detectable genetic harm.
Gos, P, Eicher, B, Kohli, J, Heyer, WD · 1997
Researchers exposed yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to extremely high frequency electromagnetic fields around 41.7 GHz at very low power levels to see if the radiation affected how quickly the cells divided. After careful testing with proper controls, they found no significant differences in cell division rates between exposed and unexposed yeast. This contradicts some earlier studies that claimed to find biological effects from similar EMF exposures.
Jensh RP · 1997
Pregnant rats exposed to microwave radiation at cell phone and microwave oven frequencies showed concerning effects in offspring. The highest frequency (6000 MHz) caused delayed development, reduced birth weight, and altered brain function, suggesting certain microwave frequencies may affect developing brains.
Vijayalaxmi, Mohan, N, Meltz, ML, Wittler, MA, · 1997
Researchers exposed human blood cells to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and WiFi) for 90 minutes to see if it would damage DNA or affect cell growth. They found no genetic damage, chromosome breaks, or changes in how fast the cells multiplied compared to unexposed cells. This suggests that short-term exposure to this type of radiation at these power levels may not immediately harm human blood cells.
Nakamura H, Seto T, Nagase H, Yoshida M, Dan S, Ogino K. · 1997
Japanese researchers exposed pregnant and non-pregnant rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (the same frequency used by microwave ovens and WiFi) for 90 minutes at 10 mW/cm². They found that pregnant rats showed significant immune system suppression, with reduced natural killer cell activity in the spleen, while non-pregnant rats showed no immune changes. The study reveals that pregnancy makes organisms more vulnerable to microwave radiation effects.
Lai H, Carino MA, Singh NP · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz for 2 hours and found significant DNA double strand breaks in brain cells. When they gave rats naltrexone (a drug that blocks the body's natural opioids), it partially prevented the DNA damage. This suggests that microwave radiation triggers the body's opioid system, which then contributes to genetic damage in brain tissue.
Lai, H, Carino, MA, Singh, NP, · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours and found it caused DNA double strand breaks in brain cells. When they gave the rats naltrexone, a drug that blocks the body's natural opioids, it partially prevented this DNA damage. This suggests the body's own opioid system plays a role in how microwave radiation damages DNA in brain cells.
Mason PA et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to high-power 5.02 GHz microwave radiation, heating their brains to dangerous temperatures. This thermal stress significantly increased three amino acid concentrations in critical brain regions including the hypothalamus. The findings suggest microwave heating disrupts normal brain chemistry beyond temperature-control areas.
Pu, JS, Chen, J, Yang, YH, Bai, YQ · 1997
Researchers exposed mice to 3000 MHz microwave radiation for one hour daily over seven days. They found significant reductions in brain electrical activity and decreased cellular energy production in regions controlling memory and hormones, suggesting wireless radiation disrupts brain function.
Lai, H, Singh, NP, · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and WiFi) for 2 hours and found it caused DNA strand breaks in brain cells. However, when they gave the rats either melatonin or a free radical scavenging compound before and after exposure, the DNA damage was completely blocked, suggesting that RF radiation damages DNA through free radical formation.
Cleary, SF, Cao, G, Liu, LM, Egle, PM, Shelton, KR · 1997
Researchers exposed human and hamster cells to radiofrequency radiation at levels 25 to 100 times higher than typical phone use for 2 hours, then looked for signs of cellular stress. They found no evidence that RF radiation triggered the production of stress proteins - molecules cells make when damaged or threatened. This suggests that at these exposure levels, the radiation didn't cause detectable cellular stress responses.
Lai, H, Carino, MA, Singh, NP · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (similar to WiFi frequencies) for 2 hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells. When they gave the rats naltrexone, a drug that blocks the body's natural opioids, the DNA damage was partially prevented. This suggests that microwave radiation triggers the release of natural opioids in the brain, which then contributes to genetic damage.
Nakamura et al. · 1997
Scientists exposed pregnant and non-pregnant rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz for 90 minutes. Pregnant rats showed weakened immune systems and hormonal changes that didn't occur in non-pregnant rats, suggesting pregnancy increases vulnerability to wireless radiation from everyday devices.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1996
Researchers exposed rats to radiofrequency radiation at 2450 MHz (similar to microwave oven frequencies) for 2 hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells 4 hours later. Both single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks increased after exposure to radiation levels producing a whole-body SAR of 1.2 W/kg. This suggests that RF radiation can directly damage genetic material in brain tissue or impair the brain's ability to repair DNA damage.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1996
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation for two hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells four hours later. The study suggests RF radiation at these levels can break genetic material in brain cells, potentially affecting cellular repair mechanisms.
Cleary, SF, Du, Z, Cao, G, Liu, LM, McCrady, C · 1996
Researchers exposed immune cells called T lymphocytes to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and WiFi) for 24 hours. They found that high-intensity RF exposure significantly reduced the cells' ability to multiply and function properly, while lower intensities caused initial stimulation followed by suppression. The effects were not simply due to heating, suggesting RF radiation directly interferes with immune cell function.
Detlavs I et al. · 1996
Researchers exposed wounded rats to different types of radiofrequency radiation for 30 minutes daily during the first 5 days of healing. They found that unmodulated RF radiation reduced inflammation and slowed healing, while modulated RF radiation (the type used in wireless communications) significantly increased inflammation and accelerated tissue formation. This demonstrates that RF radiation can directly alter the body's wound healing processes, with different effects depending on the signal characteristics.
Elekes E, Thuróczy G, Szabó LD. · 1996
Researchers exposed mice to WiFi-frequency microwave radiation (2.45 GHz) for 3 hours daily over 6 days. Male mice showed 37-55% increases in immune cell production, while females showed no changes. This demonstrates that microwave exposure can stimulate immune responses differently between sexes.
Elekes, E, Thuroczy, G, Szabo, LD · 1996
Researchers exposed male and female mice to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz (similar to microwave ovens and WiFi) for 3 hours daily over 6 days to test effects on immune function. They found that both continuous and pulsed microwave exposure significantly increased antibody production in male mice (37-55% increases), but had no effect on female mice. This suggests that microwave radiation can stimulate immune system activity, with males appearing more sensitive than females.
Kubinyi G, Thuroczy G, Bakos J, Boloni E, Sinay H, Szabo LD, · 1996
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwave ovens) for 100 minutes daily throughout pregnancy, then examined brain and liver enzymes in their offspring. They found that continuous wave radiation significantly decreased brain enzyme activity in the pups, while modulated radiation had less effect. The liver showed increased enzyme activity with both types of radiation.
Urech, M, Eicher, B, Siegenthaler, J · 1996
Swiss researchers exposed lichens (small organisms that grow on trees and rocks) to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz for up to three years, using power levels similar to what you'd find near cell towers. They found that high-power microwave exposure (50 mW/cm²) significantly reduced the lichens' growth rate by causing them to heat up and dry out faster than normal.
