Estenberg J, Augustsson T. · 2013
Researchers developed a car-based measuring system to estimate outdoor radiofrequency field exposure across rural, urban, and city areas of Sweden. The median power density was 16 µW/m(2) in rural areas, 270 µW/m(2) in urban areas, and 2400 µW/m(2) in city areas. In urban and city areas, base stations for mobile phones were clearly the dominating sources of exposure.
Ayinmode BO, Farai IP. · 2013
Researchers studied how radiofrequency radiation power density varied with distance around mobile phone base stations at ten randomly selected locations in Ibadan, western Nigeria. Measurements were made with a calibrated hand-held spectrum analyser. The result of this study demonstrates that exposure of people to RF radiation from phone base stations in Ibadan city is far less than the recommended limits by international scientific bodies.
Manjhi J, Kumar S, Behari J, Mathur R. · 2013
Researchers studied whether extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure could reduce osteoporosis caused by spinal cord injury in rats. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 24) were equally divided into sham, SCI, and SCI+MF groups. Starting one day after injury, the exposed group received ELF magnetic field at 17.96 micro-Tesla and 50 Hz for two hours per day over eight weeks. Bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and biochemical markers were significantly lower in spinal cord injury rats compared with the sham group, and these decreases were attenuated in the magnetic field-treated group, except for carbon content.
Celik MS et al. · 2013
Researchers studied whether extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure affects how manganese accumulates in rat organs. A total of 40 rats were randomly divided into eight groups, with four groups also exposed to ELF-MF at 1.5 mT and 50 Hz for 4 hours, 5 days a week, over 45 days. Manganese levels in the brain, kidney, and liver were higher in groups that received both manganese and ELF-MF exposure than in groups that received manganese alone.
Pelletier A et al. · 2013
Researchers examined the effects of chronic RF-EMF exposure (900 MHz, 1 V m(-1)) on the main functions involved in body energy homeostasis, including feeding behaviour, sleep, and thermoregulatory processes. Thirteen juvenile male Wistar rats were exposed to continuous RF-EMF for 5 weeks and compared with 11 non-exposed animals. The frequency of rapid eye movement sleep episodes was greater in the exposed group independently of ambient temperature, with increases of 42.1% at 24 °C and 31.6% at 31 °C. Exposure also increased daytime food intake, and the researchers concluded that RF-EMF exposure can induce energy-saving processes without strongly disturbing the overall sleep pattern.
Cammaerts MC, Rachidi Z, Bellens F, De Doncker P · 2013
Researchers used the ant species Myrmica sabuleti to study how electromagnetic waves affect the insects' responses to pheromones and food collection. Workers' responses to trail, area-marking, and alarm pheromones were measured under normal conditions and then again while under the influence of electromagnetic waves. Under exposure, ants followed trails for only short distances, no longer arrived at marked areas, and no longer orientated themselves to a source of alarm pheromone. The number of ants collecting food increased only slightly and slowly, and after 180 hours of exposure their colonies deteriorated.
Eskander EF, Estefan SF, Abd-Rabou AA · 2012
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers used sixty-four four-month-old male Wistar rats divided into eight groups of eight rats each. Seven groups were exposed to varying dosages of manganese and a 50 Hz magnetic field of approximately 1 mT, while the last group served as a cage control. The study investigated interactions between the magnetic field and manganese and the elements calcium, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus thought to be involved in caries in rat teeth. Levels of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and phosphorus in the experimental group rats were different from those in the control group.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers exposed Tuber borchii mycelium to a static magnetic field of 300 mT or an extremely low frequency magnetic field of 0.1 mT at 50 Hz for 1 h per day over three consecutive days. Gene expression and biochemical analyses were performed. ELF-MF exposure upregulated some genes involved in hyphal growth and increased the activity of many glycolytic enzymes. SMF exposure showed no differences in gene expression but increased the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers recruited 28 newborns who had spent at least 48 hours in incubators with significant electromagnetic fields and measured their urinary melatonin metabolite before and after moving them to cribs with negligible fields. They also measured the same metabolite twice over 48 hours in 27 control newborns not exposed to electromagnetic fields. The metabolite level rose significantly after removal from the incubator, while no significant change occurred in the control group.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers measured radiofrequency fields at public access points in 46 towns with 76 GSM cell sites in two major Ghanaian cities. Measurements used a log-periodic antenna coupled with a spectrum analyzer. At 900 MHz, levels ranged from 0.85 to 1.07 mW m⁻²; at 1800 MHz, from 0.78 to 1.19 mW m⁻². All measured levels complied with the ICNIRP limit, reaching only 0.024% of that limit. However, levels were 108 times higher than those found in a similar Ghanaian survey two years earlier.
Repacholi M et al · 2012
The former Soviet Union and the United States were the first countries to introduce radiofrequency exposure limits. The article summarizes the scientific evidence used to develop the original USSR and subsequent Russian public health standards, including the 2003 mobile telecommunications standard. The article describes the protective approaches used by Soviet and Russian scientists for setting their limits.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers measured unstimulated parotid salivary flow rate bilaterally in 142 individuals divided into heavy users and control subjects using a modified Schirmer test. Bilateral parotid ultrasonography was performed to evaluate gland volume. Heavy users showed a significant increase in salivary flow rate, blood flow rate, and parotid gland volume on the side where phones are frequently placed.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers surveyed 373 adolescents in the Wellington Region of New Zealand about their SMS texting and cordless phone call estimates. The recall data showed a logarithmic mental process with responses becoming less specific as leading digits increased from 1 to 9. Sixty-nine percent of weekly text responses were rounded to a single non-zero digit such as 2, 20, or 200.
Kwon MK, Choi JY, Kim SK, Yoo TK, Kim DW. · 2012
In this double-blind study, two volunteer groups of 17 EHS and 20 non-EHS subjects were simultaneously investigated for physiological changes (heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiration rate), eight subjective symptoms, and perception of RF-EMFs during real and sham exposure sessions. Experiments were conducted using a dummy phone containing a WCDMA module (average power, 24 dBm at 1950 MHz; specific absorption rate, 1.57 W/kg) within a headset placed on the head for 32 min. WCDMA RF-EMFs generated no physiological changes or subjective symptoms in either group, and there was no evidence that EHS subjects perceived RF-EMFs better than non-EHS subjects.
Elwood JM. · 2012
An extensive study investigated the health of embassy staff and their families, comparing Moscow embassy staff with staff in other Eastern European US embassies. The resulting large report has never been published in peer reviewed literature. The extensive study reports on mortality and morbidity, recorded on medical records and by regular examinations, and on self-reported symptoms. Exposure levels were low, but similar or greater than present-day exposures to radiofrequencies sources such as cell phone base stations. The conclusions were that no adverse health effects of the radiation were shown.
Mortazavi SM et al. · 2012
Researchers conducted a case–control study with 41 dentists and dentistry students, 21 exposed to EMFs from cavitrons and 20 unexposed, collecting blood samples before work at 8:30–9:30 a.m. and after work at 11:30–12:30 a.m. and measuring serum cortisol by ELISA. Morning cortisol levels did not differ significantly between the exposed and control groups. At noon, the exposed group had significantly lower cortisol than the control group. In the exposed group, cortisol decreased significantly from morning to noon. The authors state that EMFs from magnetostrictive cavitrons can decrease serum cortisol in dentists.
Leung S, Diao Y, Chan K, Siu Y, Wu Y. · 2012
Researchers evaluated the specific absorption rate induced in mobile phone users inside a vehicle across scenarios including handedness, passenger counts, and seating locations. The maximum SAR for users in a vehicle was 5% higher than in free space, while handedness showed no significant difference. SAR values around nonusers' bodies varied considerably and were higher than free space in some circumstances.
Korpinen L, Pääkkönen R. · 2012
Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study by mailing a questionnaire to 15,000 working-age Finns and analyzed 6121 responses using logistic regression models. During leisure time, 13.7% of respondents reported close call situations and 2.4% reported accidents in which mobile phone use had a partial effect. At work, the corresponding percentages were 4.5% for close calls and 0.4% for accidents. Men, younger people, and employed individuals tended to have more mobile-phone-related incidents, and sleep disturbances with minor aches were linked to a slight increase in such incidents.
Hutter HP, Ehrenhöfer L, Freuis E, Hartl P, Kundi M. · 2012
Researchers studied 119 heterosexual couples who each completed questionnaires about their own mobile phone use and their partner's use. Overall agreement between self and proxy reports was poor to moderate, with a concordance coefficient of 0.55 for duration of use. The only item with good agreement was whether a prepaid phone was used, while agreement on the side of the head the phone was held during calls was poorest and only slightly better than chance.
Hässig M, Jud F, Spiess B. · 2012
Researchers examined a dairy farm where many calves were born with nuclear cataracts after a mobile phone base station was erected near the barn. Calves born there had a 3.5 times higher risk of heavy cataract compared to the Swiss average. The investigators excluded usual causes such as infection or poisoning, but the real cause of the increased incidence remains unknown.
Eskander EF, Estefan SF, Abd-Rabou AA. · 2012
Researchers assessed the role of exposure to radio frequency radiation from mobiles or base stations on human hormone profiles. The study showed significant decreases in volunteers' ACTH, cortisol, thyroid hormones, prolactin for young females, and testosterone levels.
Celikozlu SD et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed rats to magnetic fields via cell phones during prenatal and postnatal periods until the rats were 80 days old. The study measured blood parameters and neurons in the brain of rats. Magnetic field exposure decreased pyramidal neuron numbers 51.15% and increased ischemic neuron numbers 73% at the cortex region of the brain. In the hippocampus, magnetic fields increased the amount of ischemic neurons three-fold compared to the control, while hippocampal pyramidal cell numbers were not affected.
Baliatsas C, Van Kamp I, Lebret E, Rubin GJ. · 2012
Joseph W, Goeminne F, Vermeeren G, Verloock L, Martens L. · 2012
Researchers assessed electromagnetic exposure from 14 types of air traffic control systems for both workers and the general public. In total, 50 sites were investigated at 1,073 locations in the frequency range of 255 kHz to 24 GHz. Two system types, Non-Directional Beacons (up to 881.6 V m) and DVOR (up to 92.3 V m), exhibited levels requiring recommended minimum distances so that ICNIRP reference levels are not exceeded. When multiple radiofrequency sources were present together, the air traffic control source was found to dominate total exposure in its neighborhood.
