Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used whole brain activity mapping, tissue clearing, and light sheet microscopy to identify neuronal populations activated by magnetic stimuli in pigeons. They found robust, light-independent bilateral neuronal activation in the medial vestibular nuclei and the caudal mesopallium. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the semicircular cristae revealed specialized type II hair cells that express the molecular machinery for detection of magnetic stimuli by electromagnetic induction. The data supports a model where electromagnetic input from the semicircular canals activates a vestibular-mesopallial circuit in the pigeon brain.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers continuously exposed chicken embryos to Wi-Fi radiation at 2.4 GHz and 300 µW/m² for 9 and 14 embryonic days. Standard haematoxylin and eosin staining showed no notable differences in large blood vessel structure between exposed and control groups. Special staining methods revealed an adverse effect of Wi-Fi on the fibrous elements of the vessel wall. Elastic fiber optical density decreased significantly at both 9 and 14 embryonic days, while collagen fiber optical density increased at day 9 and decreased at day 14.
Unknown authors · 2025
The study applied continuous Wi-Fi radiation at 2.4 GHz and 200–500 µW/m² for nine days to chicken embryos. Overall mesonephros development was not adversely affected, but moderate diffuse degenerative changes appeared in mesonephric corpuscles and tubules. Congested blood vessels were observed in the interstitium without inflammatory infiltrate. The exposed group showed significantly more apoptotic and proliferating cells and up-regulated caspase-1 gene expression.
Unknown authors · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
The magnetic compass sense of migratory songbirds is thought to derive from magnetically sensitive photochemical reactions in cryptochromes located in photoreceptor cells in the birds’ retinas. Spin dynamics simulations indicate that birds may orient in a monochromatic radiofrequency field without the Earth’s magnetic field.
Unknown authors · 2023
Zebra finches trained in a four-arm maze to orient using the magnetic field became disoriented when tested in low-level (~10 nT) Larmor-frequency RF fields. When the same birds were trained under the RF field, they could orient, showing the field altered but did not remove magnetic input. Higher-intensity Larmor-frequency RF fields dramatically changed the compass response, while broadband RF fields during training or testing erased magnetic compass information.
Unknown authors · 2022
Researchers exposed two-week-old immature male chickens to non-thermal low-level 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for two hours per day over 30 days. Exposed chickens showed decreased testicular weight, volume, and gonado-somatic index, as well as a substantial reduction in seminiferous tubule diameter. Radiation exposure increased oxidative stress parameters, increased IL-1β immunoreactivity, decreased IL-10 immunoreactivity, and reduced ERα expression in testes.
D'Silva MH, Swer RT, Anbalagan J, Bhargavan R · 2021
Researchers exposed fertilized hen eggs to 2G or 3G cell phone radiation for 72 minutes per day from day 9 to 12 of development. They used the alkaline comet assay to measure DNA damage in the embryo brains. Exposure to both 2G and 3G radiation significantly increased comet length, tail length, percentage of DNA in the tail, and tail moment, with greater effects in the 3G group.
Yakymenko I et al. · 2018
Researchers used developing quail embryos to assess the oxidative and mutagenic effects of GSM 1800 MHz microwave radiation from a commercial smartphone. The embryos were exposed in ovo to 0.32 µW/cm2, discontinuously, for 5 days before and 14 days through the incubation period. Exposure resulted in a 2-fold increase in superoxide generation rate, an 85% increase in nitrogen oxide generation rate, and up to twice increased levels of 8-oxo-dG in cells of 1-day old chicks from the exposed embryos. The exposure also resulted in a significant, almost twice, increase of embryo mortality.
Unknown authors · 2017
The birds' magnetic compass orientation was disrupted at approximately 2.4, 7, and 20 nT but not at 0.4 nT. The sensitivity threshold of the magnetic compass to the oscillating field was estimated to lie around 2–3 nT. In contrast, European robins were disoriented at 15 nT but could orient at 5 nT.
Zhou Z, Shan J, Zu J, Chen Z, Ma W, Li L, Xu J. · 2016
At day 4 of incubation, 76 normally developing chick embryos were divided into a control group of 39 and a radiation group of 37, with the radiation group exposed to mobile phone radiation for 10 hours each day from day 4 to 19 of incubation. Behavioral tests were performed 4 days after hatching, followed by T2-weighted MR imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. Compared with controls, chicks in the radiation group showed significantly slower aggregation responses, lower belongingness, and weaker vocalization. No significant differences were found for brain size and structural maturity except for cerebellum size, which was significantly smaller in the radiation group. The hatching and heteroplasia rates did not differ significantly between groups.
Engels S, N-L Schneider, N Lefeldt, et al. · 2015
Ye W, Wang F, Zhang W, Fang N, Zhao W, Wang J. · 2015
Researchers examined the effects of mobile phone radiation on cardiovascular development in chicken embryos using a 900 MHz phone at a specific absorption rate of approximately 1.07 W/kg, applied intermittently for 3 hours per day during incubation. The rate of embryonic mortality and cardiac deformity increased significantly in the exposed group. Comet assay data showed the haemocyte mean tail in the exposed group was significantly larger than that of the control. The researchers suggest that long-term exposure may induce myocardium pathological changes, DNA damage, and increased mortality, but found little effect on vascular development.
Pawlak K, Sechman A, Nieckarz Z. · 2014
Unknown authors · 2013
Researchers examined the effects of mobile phone radiation on developing neural tissue of chick embryos using four study groups. TUNEL results were statistically significant at 30 and 48 hours in the third group. Caspase-3 was negative in the control group at 48 and 72 hours and showed moderate activity in the third group. The study concluded that mobile phone radiation caused developmental delay in early chick embryos.
Lahijani MS, Bigdeli MR, Kalantary S. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of sinusoidal electromagnetic fields on the brain histopathology and structures of preincubated white leghorn chicken embryos. Three hundred fertilized eggs were divided into experimental, control, and sham groups, with the experimental eggs exposed to three different field intensities of 1.33, 2.66, and 7.32 mT for 24 hours before incubation. The results suggested that the electromagnetic fields induce brain damages at different levels.
Solomentsev GY, English NJ, Mooney DA · 2010
Zareen N, Khan MY, Ali Minhas L · 2009
Embryos exposed for 10 post-incubation days showed decreased retinal growth and mild epithelial pigmentation. Extending exposure to 15 post-incubation days reversed growth retardation to enhancement and shifted pigmentation from mild to intense. The authors concluded that mobile phone EMF causes derangement of chicken embryo retinal differentiation. Retinal thickness and epithelial pigmentation grades were statistically compared between control and experimental groups.
Unknown authors · 2007
Researchers studied the effect of long-term exposure to low-intensity electromagnetic radiation from GSM base stations on house sparrows during breeding season in six Belgian residential districts. They sampled 150 point locations across the six areas to examine variation in male house sparrow numbers and electromagnetic radiation strength. The number of male house sparrows was negatively and highly significantly related to electric field strength from 900 and 1800 MHz downlink bands. This negative relationship was consistent across all six study areas despite differences in bird numbers and radiation levels.
English NJ, Mooney DA. · 2007
Grigor'ev IuG. · 2003
The study aimed to investigate biological effects of mobile phone electromagnetic field on chick embryo using mortality rate as a risk assessment. Chicken embryos were exposed to EMF from a GSM mobile phone during the 21-day embryonic development. The embryo mortality rate in the incubation period increased to 75% versus 16% in the control group.
Shallom JM et al. · 2002
Researchers exposed chick embryos to athermal 915 MHz microwave radiation to test for induction of the stress protein Hsp70. Hsp70 levels increased within 2 hours, reaching a maximum about 30% above controls by 3 hours. Embryos pre-exposed to microwave radiation before hypoxic stress had significantly higher survival after re-oxygenation than non-exposed controls (P < 0.05).
Di Carlo A, White N, Guo F, Garrett P, Litovitz T. · 2002
Chick embryos were exposed to ELF-EMFs at 8 microT continuously for 4 days, or to ELF or RF EMFs repeated daily for 4 days in sessions of 20, 30, or 60 minutes once or twice daily. Several exposure protocols produced statistically significant decreases in protection against hypoxic stress, including continuous ELF and 30 or 60 minute ELF twice daily, or 30 or 60 minute once daily RF. Following 4 days of ELF-EMF exposure, HSP70 levels declined by 27% compared to controls.
Unknown authors · 1999
Exposure to mobile phone radiation may result in gross, microscopic, and biochemical changes. Such exposure may also alter gene expression in ways that could hinder embryonic development.
Unknown authors · 1994
Two pulse waveforms were tested, with rise and fall times of 85 microseconds (PMF-A) or 2.1 microseconds (PMF-B). After exposure, the eggs incubated for nine more days without fields, then embryos were examined blind. Both exposed groups had more developmental anomalies than controls, but only the PMF-B group showed a statistically significant increase (P=0.007) and a high rate of early embryonic death, while the PMF-A group's increase was not significant (P=0.173).
