Vijayalaxmi, Sasser LB, Morris JE, Wilson BW, Anderson LE. · 2003
Timed-pregnant Fischer 344 rats and their nursing offspring were exposed to a far-field 1.6 GHz Iridium signal for 2 h/day, 7 days/week. The offspring then received chronic head-only near-field exposure to a 1.6 GHz signal for 2 h/day, 5 days/week over 2 years. Near-field exposures were conducted at brain SARs of 0.16 or 1.6 W/kg. The incidence of micronuclei in bone marrow did not differ significantly between exposed, sham-exposed, and cage control rats.
Simsek V, Sahin H, Akay AF, Kaya H, Bircan MK · 2003
Average free PSA was 2.070 ng/ml before and 2.0 ng/ml after, while total PSA was 0.500 ng/ml before and 0.505 ng/ml after. No significant difference was found between initial and final PSA values (p > 0.05).
Port M, Abend M, Romer B, Van Beuningen D. · 2003
Researchers exposed human leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro to high-frequency electromagnetic fields 25 times higher than ICNIRP occupational reference levels. Cells were harvested at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after exposure, and apoptosis, micronuclei, abnormal cells, and expression of 1176 genes were measured. No significant changes were found in apoptosis, micronucleation, abnormal cells, or differential gene expression.
La Regina M et al. · 2003
Eighty male and 80 female rats were randomly placed in each of three irradiation groups: sham, 835.62 MHz FDMA, and 847.74 MHz CDMA, with exposure 4 hours per day, 5 days per week for 2 years. There were no significant differences in final body weights or survival days between groups, and no significant differences in any tumor incidence between treated and sham-exposed animals. The researchers concluded that chronic exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA RF radiation had no significant effect on spontaneous tumor incidence in F344 rats.
Kramarenko AV, Tan U. · 2003
Researchers used a 16-channel telemetric electroencephalograph to record EEG changes during exposure of the human skull to EMF from a mobile phone. During exposure, median frequency increased in areas close to the antenna after 10-15 seconds, and slow-wave activity (2.5-6.0 Hz) appeared in contralateral frontal and temporal areas after 20-40 seconds. The slow waves lasted about one second and repeated every 15-20 seconds, and both the slow-wave activity and increased median frequency disappeared after the phone was turned off.
Kizilay A et al. · 2003
Researchers investigated the effects of chronic mobile phone EMF exposure on the inner ear of adult and developing rats using distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). In a sham-controlled design, seven of 14 adult rats and four newborn rats were exposed to mobile phone EMF for 1 hour per day over 30 days, while seven adult rats served as controls. DPOAEs were measured before and after exposure, and no measurable EMF-associated changes were found in either adult or developing rats (P>0.05).
Haarala C et al. · 2003
Fourteen healthy right-handed subjects were scanned using PET with a [15O]water tracer during exposure to electromagnetic field emitted by a mobile phone and a sham-exposure under double-blind conditions. During scanning, the subjects performed a visual working memory task. Exposure to an active mobile phone produced a relative decrease in regional cerebral blood flow bilaterally in the auditory cortex but no rCBF changes were observed in the area of maximum EMF. The researchers considered it more likely that the findings resulted from an auditory signal from the active mobile phone and stated it is not reasoned to attribute the finding to the EMF emitted by the phone.
Haarala C et al. · 2003
Sixty-four subjects (32 men, 32 women) in two independent laboratories performed nine cognitive tasks twice, once with the EMF on and once with it off. Reaction times and accuracy were recorded, and the order of exposure and tasks was counterbalanced across subjects and gender. There were no statistically significant differences in performance between genders or laboratories. The previous results were not replicated, and the researchers concluded that EMF had no effect on reaction times or accuracy.
Golden C, Golden CJ, Schneider B. · 2003
Researchers evaluated how cell phones and speaking interfere with visual attention skills using the Connors Continuous Performance Test II. Licensed adult drivers were divided into three groups of 15 each: no distraction, conversation with someone in the room, and cell phone conversation. There were substantial differences among groups, primarily between the control group and the two experimental groups. The cell phone group had lower mean scores than the talking group, but the differences were not significant. Cell phones were distracting to visual attention functions on the Connors task, but not more distracting than a similarly active conversation without a cell phone.
Cook A, Woodward A, Pearce N, Marshall C. · 2003
Researchers investigated whether trends in tumour incidence rates in New Zealand varied since the introduction of cellular telephones in 1987. The exposure measure was the proportion of cellular telephone subscribers within the national population. They compared trends in tumour rates at anatomical sites receiving high, medium, and low levels of cellular telephone radiation based on dosimetry data. Graphs for high, medium, and low exposure sites showed no significant changes in trend patterns for either gender from 1986 to 1998. Incidence rates for head and neck malignancies, including sites hypothetically receiving the highest radiofrequency radiation, did not change materially after cellular telephone introduction.
Bakos J, Kubinyi G, Sinay H, Thuroczy G. · 2003
Researchers studied the effect of 900 and 1800 MHz GSM-like radiofrequency radiation on urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in adult male Wistar rats. Seventy-two rats were used in six independent experiments with exposures in a GTEM cell at power densities of 100 μW/cm² at 900 MHz and 20 μW/cm² at 1800 MHz. Animals were exposed for 2 hours daily between 8:00 AM and noon for 14 days with 218 Hz GSM modulation. No statistically significant changes in 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion were found at either frequency.
McNamee et al. · 2003
Researchers examined the effect of 24-hour continuous-wave and pulsed-wave 1.9 GHz radiofrequency fields on primary DNA damage and micronucleus induction in human leukocyte cultures. No significant differences in primary DNA damage were observed between sham controls and any exposed cultures when assessed by the alkaline comet assay immediately after exposure. Similarly, no significant differences were found in micronucleus incidence, micronucleated binucleated cells, binucleated cell frequency, or proliferation index between sham and exposed cultures.
Stutts J et al. · 2003
Researchers mounted inconspicuous video cameras in the vehicles of 70 volunteer subjects to record driving behavior. Three hours of randomly selected data per subject were coded for distraction types, contextual variables, and observable driving performance measures. The most common distractions by duration were eating and drinking, distractions inside the vehicle, and distractions outside the vehicle. Many distractions were associated with negative driving performance outcomes, though further research is needed to clarify their impact on safety.
Smythe JW, Costall B. · 2003
The study examined the effects of mobile phone exposure on short- and long-term memory in male and female university students. Participants were randomly assigned to no phone exposure, inactive phone exposure, or active phone exposure conditions. They memorized words arranged in a two-dimensional shape for three minutes, completed a 12-minute distraction task, then drew the shape and placed words, and repeated the task one week later. Error scores were analyzed using non-parametric techniques. Males exposed to an active phone made fewer spatial errors than those exposed to an active phone condition, while females were largely unaffected.
Santini R, Santini P, Le Ruz P, Danze JM, Seigne M · 2003
Researchers conducted a questionnaire survey of 530 people living or not in proximity to cellular phone base stations. They found that nausea, loss of appetite, and visual disturbances were reported up to 10 m, irritability, depressive tendencies, and lowered libido up to 100 m, and headaches, sleep disturbances, and discomfort up to 200 m. Fatigue was the only symptom significantly more frequent in the 200-300 m zone compared with those living farther away or not exposed. Women reported seven of the eighteen symptoms significantly more often than men at distances up to 300 m. Significant differences were also observed by age and by location relative to antennas and other electromagnetic factors.
Salford LG, Brun AR, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Persson BRR · 2003
Three groups of eight rats each were exposed for two hours to GSM mobile phone electromagnetic fields of different strengths. The researchers found highly significant evidence for neuronal damage in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia of exposed rats. The study investigated whether pathological leakage across the blood-brain barrier might be combined with damage to neurons.
Ross A, Barker K · 2003
Researchers used a between-subjects design with cell phone presence, clothing type, and sex as factors. 160 women from a predominantly Black college rated older African American stimuli on perceived power subscales. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a three-way interaction among clothing, cell phone, and sex of the stimulus person.
Parslow RC, Hepworth SJ, McKinney PA. · 2003
Researchers compared postal questionnaire data from 93 volunteers with network operator records over 6 months. Agreement for number of calls was moderate (kappa = 0.39) and better for duration (kappa = 0.50). Self-reported call numbers were over-reported by a factor of 1.7 and duration by a factor of 2.8.
Moneda AP, Ioannidou MP, Chrissoulidis DP. · 2003
Researchers used a versatile eccentric-spheres model of the human head to investigate radio-wave absorption. Specific absorption rate maps showed hot spots in the eyes and near the center of the brain. Numerical results were presented for total, percentage, and gram-specific absorption using an exact analytical solution. The model focused on the brain and eyes of an adult or infant head.
Lee TM, Lam PK, Yee LT, Chan CC. · 2003
The study examined how duration of exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic fields affects human attention. Seventy-eight university students were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups and completed attention tasks. The experimental group performed better on one of two attention measures after exposure to the electromagnetic field.
Hocking B, Gordon I. · 2003
The authors examined survival of 123 children with acute lymphatic leukemia in an inner ring and an outer ring of municipalities around television towers in North Sydney, Australia. The inner ring included 29 cases with 16 deaths, while the outer ring included 94 cases with 34 deaths. Five-year survival was 55% in the inner ring and 71% in the outer ring, and 10-year survival was 33% versus 62%. The adjusted mortality rate ratio for the inner ring compared to the outer ring was 2.1 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.1 to 4.0. The difference in survival was statistically significant with a log-rank test p-value of 0.03 and a Wilcoxon test p-value of 0.05.
Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlberg M. · 2003
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 1,617 patients aged 20-80 with histopathology-verified brain tumours diagnosed from 1997 to 2000, each matched to a control from the Swedish Population Register. Tumours in the temporal area on the same side as phone use had higher risk for analogue phones (OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.2-4.1), acoustic neurinoma risk was OR=4.4 (95% CI=2.1-9.2) for analogue users, and risk rose per year of analogue use (OR=1.04 per year, 95% CI=1.01-1.08).
Ha M, Lim HJ, Cho SH, Choi HD, Cho KY. · 2003
D'Costa H et al. · 2003
Researchers recorded EEG from ten awake subjects while a mobile phone behind the head emitted radiofrequency fields. The study tested a GSM phone at full radiated power and a phone in active standby mode, each with five active and five sham exposures in randomized five-minute intervals. The experiment was single-blind and compared average EEG band power between active and sham recordings. Statistical tests showed significant differences in the full-power trial for EEG alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (13-32 Hz) bands. Analysis of median spectral power across 32 discrete frequencies found significant differences in 7 frequencies overall.
Cranfield C, Wieser HG, Al Madan J, Dobson J. · 2003
Researchers tested a bacterial analogue (Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum) that produces intracellular biogenic magnetite similar to that in the human brain. Exposure to mobile phone emissions resulted in a significantly higher proportion of cell death in exposed cultures versus sham exposure (p = 0.037). The authors noted it is not yet clear whether this would extrapolate to a deleterious health effect in humans.
