Zywicka A, Dunisławska A, Fijalkowski K · 2025
K. xylinus cells were subjected to a rotating magnetic field at frequencies of 5 and 50 Hz for durations ranging from 12 to 72 h. Gene expression was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RMF exposure significantly enhanced BC production efficiency, with average wet and dry BC yields increasing by 28% and 18% and upregulated bcs gene expression showing statistically significant changes at both frequencies and all time points, the strongest effects at 5 Hz.
Miles A, Porch A, Choi H, Cripps S, Brown H, Williams C · 2025
Researchers designed a high-throughput waveguide applicator that exposed 96 samples simultaneously to a quantifiable electric field at 2.45 GHz. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria received non-thermal microsecond-pulsed microwave exposure at 25 W r.m.s. for 24 h. After exposure, the bacteria showed significantly higher optical density measurements and growth rates than thermal controls. Fluorescent probes indicated that microwave exposure altered the cellular redox state.
Azimzadeh M, Noorbakhshnia M · 2024
Pregnant rats were divided into four groups (control, wave, wave+linalool, linalool), received linalool at 25 mg/kg by gavage for 21 days, and were irradiated from day 0 to day 21 of pregnancy. Offspring were tested on postnatal days 50 and 60 and showed anxiety-like behavior in the EPM test, impaired learning and memory in the Morris water maze and shuttle box, and reduced fEPSP amplitude and slope at the hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapse. Hippocampal iron, copper, manganese, and copper/zinc ratio were increased while zinc was decreased in exposed offspring, and linalool administration reversed the increases and normalized most trace elements except zinc.
Burgos-Molina AM et al. · 2020
Researchers studied the repair of DNA double strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under magnetic field exposure. They induced pairs of DSB using HO endonuclease by plating cells on galactose-containing media. The repair processes occurred during 21 days of exposure to a 50Hz, 2.45mT sinusoidal magnetic field generated by Helmholtz coils. Magnetic field exposure increased colony formation 1.29-fold for Pho91 and 1.5-fold for Rmd5 at day 21 compared to untreated controls. DNA repair kinetics showed a 55.56-fold increase at day 15 for Rmd5 versus a 1.18-fold increase for Pho91.
Kumar A, Kaur S, Chandel S, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK · 2020
Said-Salman IH, Jebali FA, Yusef HH, Mustafa ME · 2019
A Wi-Fi router was used as a source of microwaves and bacterial cells were exposed continuously for 24 and 48 hours. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by disc diffusion on Müller Hinton agar, motility of Escherichia coli O157H7 was assessed on motility agar, and metabolic activity and biofilm formation were measured with MTT assay and crystal violet quantification. Exposure altered motility and antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157H7, did not change antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermis, and increased metabolic activity and biofilm formation in Escherichia coli O157H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis.
Zheng Y, Cheng J, Dong L, Ma X, Kong Q · 2019
Unknown authors · 2019
Researchers exposed Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a sinusoidal magnetic field (2.45 mT, 50 Hz, continuous) and a pulsed magnetic field (1.5 mT, 25 Hz, 8 h/day). Chronological aging was evaluated during 40 days. Survival was assayed by clonogenic assay and drop test, and cellular stability was studied by spontaneous mutation count and the index of respiratory competence. Pulsed magnetic field exposure accelerated chronological aging and decreased the spontaneous frequency of mitochondrial mutation, but did not alter the index of respiratory competence for either field type.
Jin Y et al. · 2019
Researchers treated Arabidopsis seedlings with static magnetic fields of different intensities and directions relative to gravity. Root growth was significantly enhanced by 600 mT fields except when the field was oriented opposite to gravity, while 300 mT fields had no effect. The enhancement involved increased cell division in the root meristem and higher auxin levels regulated by PIN3 and AUX1 expression. The growth promotion was absent in pin3 and aux1 mutants and in the double cryptochrome mutant cry1 cry2. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 85% of genes down-regulated by the parallel magnetic field were enriched in plastid biological processes.
Unknown authors · 2019
Researchers used high-throughput RNA sequencing to compare gene expression in E. coli DH5α exposed to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation and unexposed controls. The analysis identified 101 differentially expressed genes, with 52 up-regulated and 49 down-regulated. Quantitative RT-PCR of selected genes confirmed the sequencing results. Pathway analysis showed that flagellar assembly, chemotaxis, two-component systems, and metabolic pathways were affected.
Kthiri A, Hidouri S, Wiem T, Jeridi R, Sheehan D, Landouls A · 2019
Researchers investigated whether an applied static magnetic field could induce biological effects on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and probed biochemical and biomolecular responses. There was a decrease in growth and viability under SMF, with a significant decrease in colony forming units after 6 hours, followed by an increase between 6 and 9 hours. SOD and catalase activities increased in magnetized cultures after 9 hours compared with unexposed samples, while glutathione peroxidase activity decreased. SMF caused an increase in MDA levels as well as the content of protein carbonyl groups after 6 and 9 hours of exposure.
Unknown authors · 2018
Researchers exposed S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa to 900 and 1800 MHz electromagnetic fields for 2 hours and then measured growth rate and antibiotic susceptibility. DNA analysis showed no difference between exposed and non-exposed S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Exposure to 900 MHz significantly reduced growth of P. aeruginosa, while 1800 MHz had no significant effect. S. aureus and S. epidermidis growth was mostly unaffected except for S. aureus at 900 MHz after 12 hours. Antibiotic susceptibility was unchanged by electromagnetic fields except for S. aureus treated with amoxicillin.
Unknown authors · 2017
Researchers exposed Salmonella Hadar to a 200 mT static magnetic field for 3, 6, and 9 hours and measured gene expression using RT-PCR. No significant differences were found in plsB, cdsA, pgpA, pgsA, and psd expression across exposure times. Significant increases occurred in g3pd and pssA after 6 hours and in cls after 3 hours, but no variation was seen after 9 hours.
Unknown authors · 2017
Researchers exposed isolated Agrobacterium tumefaciens to square amplitude modulated waves at different extremely low frequencies to find a resonance frequency that inhibits growth. The carrier was a 10 MHz sine wave at ±10 Vpp modulated with ±2 Vpp depth at a constant field strength of 200 V/m and 28 °C. Exposure to 1.0 Hz QAMW for 90 minutes inhibited bacterial growth by 49.2%. Antibiotics became more effective against the bacteria after exposure. In tomato plants, crown gall symptoms were more aggressive with non-exposed bacteria than with exposed bacteria.
Taheri M et al. · 2017
Researchers assessed whether 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiation and 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi router radiation alter the susceptibility of microorganisms to different antibiotics. The study found that exposure to Wi-Fi and RF simulator radiation can significantly alter inhibition zone diameters and growth rates for Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Pure cultures of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were exposed to RF-EMFs from a GSM 900 MHz mobile phone simulator and a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi router.
Lian HY, Lin KW, Yang C, Cai P. · 2017
Researchers exposed two budding yeast strains, NT64C and SB34, to 2.0 GHz RF-EMF and 50 Hz ELF-EMF. Both RF-EMF and ELF-EMF exposure elevated the de novo generation and propagation of the yeast prion [URE3] in the two strains. The increase grew over time, and ELF-EMF showed a dose-dependent effect. Chaperone transcription and expression (Hsp104, Hsp70-Ssa1/2, Hsp40-Ydj1) did not change significantly after exposure. ROS levels and SOD and CAT activities rose after short-term exposure but not after long-term exposure.
Hanini R, Chatti A, Ghorbel SB, Landoulsi A. · 2017
Researchers studied the protective role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) against a static magnetic field of 200 mT in wild-type and mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lacking one or both SOD enzymes. Inactivation of the sodM and/or sodB genes increased the sensitivity of the bacteria to stress from the static magnetic field. Mutant strains also showed significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative damage to lipids, compared to wild-type cells.
Zhang Z, Zhang J, Yang C-J, Lian H-Y, Yu H, Huang X-M, Cai P · 2016
Unknown authors · 2016
Researchers investigated the effects of ELF magnetic fields together with 4 chemical mutagens using the bacterial Vitotox test. A 100 μT magnetic field at 50 Hz did not damage DNA and was not mutagenic in the assay. The magnetic field also did not influence the DNA-damaging capacity of the chemical mutagens.
Shen Y, Xia R, Jiang H, Chen Y, Hong L, Yu Y, Xu Z, Zeng Q · 2016
Researchers exposed Chinese Hamster Lung cells to a 0.4mT 50Hz sinusoidal EMF for 30 minutes or 24 hours. When autophagy was blocked with Bafilomycin A1, cell apoptosis increased, while EMF-induced autophagy protected cells from severe adverse consequences.
Unknown authors · 2015
Researchers exposed two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacterial species to six magnetic field conditions in broth cultures. The conditions included three 'Thomas' pulsed frequency-modulated patterns, a strong-static 'puck' magnet upwards of 5000G, a pair of rotating magnets at ~30rpm, and a 'Resonator' dynamic field generator with average intensity of 250μT. Growth rate was measured by optical density at 600nm every hour. ELF-EMF conditions significantly affected growth rates while static magnetic field conditions were not statistically significant. The 'Resonator' dynamic magnetic field increased growth rates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, while slowing growth of Serratia marcescens.
Nasri K, Daghfous D, Landoulsi A. · 2013
The study evaluated the effects of sub-lethal microwave radiation on Salmonella typhimurium. The bacteria were exposed to a dose of 3600 J delivered as a 40-second exposure at 90 W. Exposure significantly inhibited cellular growth. The treatment increased the effectiveness of most tested antibiotics, with exposed bacteria showing new or improved sensitivity. Gas chromatography analysis showed an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, and the bacteria became more sensitive to sodium deoxycholate and released more extracellular proteins, indicating membrane weakening.
Esmekaya MA et al. · 2013
Researchers investigated the effects of a 50 Hz, 2 mT magnetic field, with or without iron(III) chloride, on the growth and morphology of Escherichia coli. No significant differences in cell viability were found between exposed and sham-exposed bacteria, and FeCl3 treatment also did not change cell viability. However, pore formations and membrane destruction were observed on the surface of cells exposed to the ELF field for 24 hours.
Huwiler SG et al · 2012
No changes in bacterial growth or culturable counts were observed for any of the magnetic field types. Gene expression analysis of 4,358 genes and 714 intergenic regions showed no statistically significant changes after exposures of 2.5 hours or 15 hours.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers exposed Tuber borchii mycelium to a static magnetic field of 300 mT or an extremely low frequency magnetic field of 0.1 mT at 50 Hz for 1 h per day over three consecutive days. Gene expression and biochemical analyses were performed. ELF-MF exposure upregulated some genes involved in hyphal growth and increased the activity of many glycolytic enzymes. SMF exposure showed no differences in gene expression but increased the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase.
