Utteridge TD et al. · 2002
Researchers exposed 120 E-mu-Pim1 heterozygous mice and 120 wild-type mice to GSM-modulated 898.4 MHz radiation at SARs of 0.25, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 W/kg for 1 hour per day, 5 days per week, for up to 104 weeks. Sham-exposed groups of 120 heterozygous and 120 wild-type mice and an unrestrained negative control group were included. No significant difference in lymphoma incidence was found between exposed and sham-exposed groups at any exposure level. No dose-response effect was detected.
Testylier G, Tonduli L, Malabiau R, Debouzy JC · 2002
Rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave at 2 or 4 mW/cm(2) for 1 h during the day, or to 800 MHz modulated at 32 Hz at 200 mW/cm(2) for 1 or 14 h during the night. Exposure at 4 mW/cm(2) caused a significant 40% decrease in mean acetylcholine release from hippocampus, maximal at 5 h post exposure. Fourteen-hour nighttime exposure at 800 MHz induced a significant 43% decrease in acetylcholine release during 11 p.m.-4 a.m. compared to control rats.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2002
Researchers exposed 35-day-old Wistar rats to low-level continuous 2.45 GHz microwaves for 2 hr/day over 35 days at a power density of 0.34 mW/cm2 with a specific absorption rate of 0.1 W/kg. Exposed rats showed a significant increase in calcium ion efflux and ornithine decarboxylase activity and a significant decrease in calcium-dependent protein kinase activity in brain tissue. The authors suggested that the radiation affects membrane-bound enzymes linked to cell proliferation and differentiation, indicating a possible tumor-promoting role.
Kolomytseva MP, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Chemeris NK. · 2002
Finnie JW et al. · 2002
The study was designed to examine the effect of long-term exposure to global system for mobile communication (GSM) radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in murine brains. Mice were given a 60-minute far-field, whole body exposure on each of 5 days per week for 104 weeks at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.25, 1.0,2.0 and 4.0 W/kg. In all exposed and control groups, albumin extravasation was minimal and was deemed insignificant.
Akoev IG et al. · 2002
The study explored how the frequency of microwave modulation affected the activity of several enzymes and affective rat behavior at intensities of 0.8 to 10 microW/cm2. The researchers proposed that free radical processes may play a role in the nonlinear effects observed and in the modification of emotional behavior in animals. The study also postulated a protective role for monoaminoxidase, which is located on the outer surface of mitochondria and deaminates monoamines.
Liu Y, Weng E, Zhang Y, Hong R. · 2002
Researchers exposed mice to a 50 Hz sinusoidal electromagnetic field at 0.2 mT or 6.0 mT for 2 weeks, and measured markers of the antioxidant system and cell membrane fluidity in brain and liver tissue. Malondialdehyde content in brain and liver increased with exposure, while total antioxidant capability decreased at both field strengths. When electromagnetic field exposure was combined with lead, the researchers observed synergic effects on lipid peroxidation.
Jajte J, Grzegorczyk J, Zmyślony M, Rajkowska E. · 2002
Researchers exposed rat blood lymphocytes to a 7 mT static magnetic field for 3 hours in Helmholtz coils, with some samples also treated with ferrous chloride at 10 μg/ml. The static magnetic field alone and iron ions alone each produced no significant effect on cell viability. When the field and iron ions were combined, there was a significant increase in apoptotic and necrotic cells and significant alterations in cell viability. The researchers suggested that a 7 mT static magnetic field in the presence of Fe2+ ions can increase the concentration of oxygen free radicals and thus may lead to cell death.
Unknown authors · 2001
Researchers induced dopamine neuron damage in newborn rats by infusing 6-OHDA into the brain ventricles on postnatal day 3. At two months of age, the rats were exposed to a 10 Hz, 1.8–3.8 mT magnetic field for one hour daily over 14 days, while a sham-exposed group had the solenoid turned off. After exposure, magnetic-field-exposed rats with dopamine damage showed reduced irritability and oral activity when given a D1 receptor agonist and increased catalepsy when given a D1 receptor antagonist. The authors concluded that extremely low frequency magnetic fields reduce the reactivity of central dopamine D1 receptors.
Unknown authors · 2001
Zook BC, Simmens SJ, · 2001
Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to 860 MHz pulsed or continuous radiofrequency radiation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week from 2 up to 24 months of age. The specific absorption rate was 1.0 W/ kg averaged over the brain. The rats were offspring of females injected intravenously with 0, 2.5, or 10 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea to induce brain tumors. There was no statistically significant evidence that the radiation induced neoplasia in any tissues or promoted cranial or spinal nerve or spinal cord tumors. The radiation had no statistically significant effect on brain tumor number, volume, location, multiplicity, histological type, malignancy, or fatality.
Nelson BK, Snyder DL, Shaw PB · 2001
Researchers gave pregnant rats methanol at 0, 2, or 3 g/kg on gestation day 9 or 13, combined with RF radiation on day 9 or 2ME on day 13. On day 9, RF radiation or methanol increased fetal resorptions without interaction, and resorptions were highest when treatments were separated by 1.5 hours. The higher methanol dose also reduced fetal weights. On day 13, 2ME or methanol increased malformations with a positive interaction between them, while fetal weights were reduced by each agent alone without interaction.
Mason PA et al. · 2001
In this study we investigated whether a single (1.0 W/cm(2) for 10 s) or repeated (2 exposures/week for 12 weeks, 333 mW/cm(2) for 10 s) exposure to 94 GHz RFR serves as a promoter or co-promoter in the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced SENCAR mouse model of skin carcinogenesis. Neither paradigm of MMW exposure significantly affected papilloma development, as evidenced by a lack of effect on tumor incidence and multiplicity. There was also no evidence that MMW exposure served as a co-promoter in DMBA-induced animals repeatedly treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate.
Jauchem JR, Frei MR, Dusch SJ, Lehnert HM, Kovatch RM · 2001
Researchers exposed 100 C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses for 2 minutes once a week for 12 weeks, using 100 sham-control mice for comparison. There were no significant differences between groups in incidence of palpated mammary tumors, latency to tumor onset, rate of tumor growth, or animal survival. Histopathological evaluations also revealed no significant differences between the two groups in numbers of neoplasms across all tissues studied.
Heikkinen P et al. · 2001
Researchers evaluated the effect of low-level RF radiation on cancer development initiated by ionizing radiation in mice. Two hundred female CBA/S mice were randomized into four equal groups at 3 to 5 weeks of age, and all groups except the cage-control group were exposed to ionizing radiation followed by RF radiation for 1.5 h per day, 5 days a week for 78 weeks. One group received continuous NMT-type RF radiation at 902.5 MHz and 1.5 W/kg SAR, another received pulsed GSM-type RF radiation at 902.4 MHz and 0.35 W/kg SAR, while controls were sham-exposed. RF radiation exposures did not significantly increase the incidence of any neoplastic lesion. The researchers concluded that the results do not provide evidence for cancer promotion by RF radiation from mobile phones.
Li L et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed murine C3H 10T(1/2) fibroblasts to radiofrequency fields at specific absorption rates of 3.2 to 5.1 W/kg. Cell cultures were exposed to 847.74 MHz CDMA and 835.62 MHz FDMA modulated radiations in radial transmission line irradiators with temperature regulated to 37.0 ± 0.3 °C. Using the alkaline comet assay, they found no statistically significant differences in comet moment or comet length between sham-exposed and exposed cells after 2, 4, or 24 hours of exposure, for both exponentially growing and plateau-phase cells. A 4-hour incubation after a 2-hour exposure also resulted in no significant changes in comet moment or comet length. The authors concluded that exposure at 37°C up to 5.1 W/kg did not induce measurable DNA damage.
Vitulli WF, Nemeth YM, Conte CT · 2001
The study determined whether ibuprofen causes a disruptive behavior pattern similar to aspirin yet contrary to acetaminophen regarding thermoregulatory effects. Eight Sprague-Dawley rats (3 males and 5 females) were conditioned in a refrigerated Skinner Box on a fixed-interval 2-minute schedule of microwave radiation (5 seconds per exposure) in a repeated-measures reversal design. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of ibuprofen at 10-50 mg/kg or methyl-cellulose control vehicle of equal volume over 8-hour daily sessions. A multivariate analysis showed significant differences due to ibuprofen doses for microwave heat reinforcers per hour and rate of responding (ns), with both measures significantly higher during the first two hours.
Peyman A, Rezazadeh AA, Gabriel C · 2001
Researchers measured dielectric properties of ten rat tissues at six ages from 130 MHz to 10 GHz. Results showed a general decrease in dielectric properties with age. The decrease was more apparent in brain, skull, and skin tissues than in abdominal tissues. The variation was attributed to changes in water content and organic composition.
Olchowik G · 2001
The study examined the mutual action of hydrocortisone and low intensity microwave radiation on rat bone tissue. Low-intensity microwave radiation had a stimulating effect on bone tissue regeneration in rats. During long-term hydrocortisone application, microwave radiation may act as a protective factor for bone tissue. Bone density and ultrasound velocity were measured to evaluate the Young's modulus of the femur.
Chiladakis JA, Davlouros P, Agelopoulos G, Manolis AS. · 2001
Researchers tested cellular telephones with different power outputs in transmitting and receiving modes in 36 patients with transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillators from Medtronic and Guidant/CPI during spontaneous cardiac activity and continuous VVI or DDD pacing. There was no damage, reprogramming, inappropriate shock therapy, or pacing inhibition, and digital cellular telephones did not represent a risk to recipients of the specific implantable defibrillator models tested. In seven pre-pectoral Medtronic devices, transient electromagnetic interference caused 19 erroneous sensing events when the phone was held near the programmer head, but these pseudo-oversensing events did not result in logging of arrhythmia episodes.
Cheever KL et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 10 MHz radiofrequency radiation and measured metabolism and distribution of 2-methoxyethanol and its metabolite methoxyacetic acid. Radiofrequency exposure reduced total body clearance of radiolabeled 2-methoxyethanol but did not change methoxyacetic acid levels in serum, embryos, or extraembryonic fluid. Protein adduct formation in embryos did not differ in a way that would explain the reported synergy between radiofrequency radiation and 2-methoxyethanol.
Bastide M, Youbibier-Simoa BJ, Lebecq JC, Giaimis J. · 2001
Researchers investigated continuous exposure of chick embryos and young chickens to EMFs from video display units and GSM cell phone radiation, including radiation attenuated by copper gauze. Permanent exposure to VDU EMFs was associated with significantly increased fetal loss (47-68%) and markedly depressed levels of circulating specific antibodies (lgG), corticosterone and melatonin. Under chronic exposure, GSM cell phone radiation was harmful to chick embryos, stressful for healthy mice, and synergistic with cancer by depleting stress hormones in mice. The same pathological results occurred after substantial reduction of microwaves by copper gauze attenuation.
Tattersall JE et al. · 2001
Palfia Z, Somosy Z, Rez G · 2001
Researchers evaluated murine jejunal epithelial tight junctions after whole-body X-ray and microwave exposure using freeze fracture replicas. X-ray treatment at 4 Gy caused partial dearrangement of the ZO strand network that only partially regenerated by 24 hours. Microwave treatment at 16 Hz-modulated 2.45 GHz and 1 mW/cm2 for 1 hour did not cause dearrangement but increased integration of the tight junctional structure. The microwave effect agreed with an increase in cytochemically detectable ZO-bound calcium.
Novoselova EG, Ogai VB, Sorokina OV, Novikov VV, Fesenko EE · 2001
Researchers studied the effect of fractionated low-intensity microwave exposure and a combined weak magnetic field on tumor necrosis factor production in macrophages of mice with experimental solid tumors. Exposure to both microwaves and magnetic field enhanced the adaptive response, with higher tumor necrosis factor production in peritoneal macrophages of exposed tumor-bearing mice compared to unexposed mice.
