Electric Fields

Development of Electric and Magnetic Near-Field Probes

Frank M. Greene · 1975

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS FOR NON-IONIZING RADIATION HAZARDS

R. I. GRAY, C. E. GALLAHER · 1971

Pollution by Electrical Transmission

Louise B. Young, H. Peyton Young · 1974

A comparative study on influences of static electric field and power frequency electric field on cognition in mice.

Di G, Kim H, Xu Y, Kim J, Gu X. · 2019

Researchers exposed mice to a static electric field (SEF) and a power frequency electric field (PFEF), each at 35 kV/m, for 49 days. The study found that a 35 kV/m SEF did not cause significant influences on learning and memory ability in mice, while a 35 kV/m PFEF caused significant positive effects on learning and memory ability on day 33. Behaviors were assessed using the Morris water maze test, and amino acid neurotransmitter levels in the hippocampus were examined during exposure.

Repeated exposure of C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses: Lack of effects on mammary tumors.

Jauchem JR, Frei MR, Dusch SJ, Lehnert HM, Kovatch RM · 2001

Researchers exposed 100 C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses for 2 minutes once a week for 12 weeks, using 100 sham-control mice for comparison. There were no significant differences between groups in incidence of palpated mammary tumors, latency to tumor onset, rate of tumor growth, or animal survival. Histopathological evaluations also revealed no significant differences between the two groups in numbers of neoplasms across all tissues studied.

DRAFT - DOCUMENTATION ON STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS

T.T. · 1990

Researchers reviewed biological effects of static magnetic fields and found no specific target organ for deleterious effects at present. A documented effect is the induction of electrical potentials in major arteries during exposure, with 60 mT producing a 1 mV potential in the human aorta. Pacemaker reed switches can close at 1.7 mT, so wearers should be excluded from fields exceeding 1.0 mT.

Radiofrequency (RF) Sealers and Heaters: Potential Health Hazards and Control

Unknown authors · 1979

IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF ANIMALS IN PROLONGED IRRADIATION BY ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY RADIOWAVES

I. S. Dronov, A. D. Kiritseva · 1972

This 1972 Soviet research examined how prolonged ultra high frequency (UHF) radio wave exposure affected the immune system function of laboratory rabbits. The study specifically measured changes in phagocytic activity (the ability of immune cells to engulf harmful particles) and complement levels (proteins that help fight infections). This represents early scientific investigation into whether radiofrequency radiation could weaken immune defenses.

Behavioral Effects of Ultra High Frequency Radio Waves: Abstracts

Susan Korbel · 1966

In a 20-day experiment, rats receiving 60 minutes of daily radiation were significantly less active than controls during the final four days. At a higher audiogenic seizure test intensity of 140 db, exposed rats had lower seizure thresholds and longer seizure durations. Older rats needed 7 to 12 extra days for effects to appear, lower frequencies had greater impact on activity, and effects persisted for four to six days after exposure stopped.

Neural and behavioral teratological evaluation of rats exposed to ultra-wideband electromagnetic fields.

Cobb BL et al. · 2000

Researchers exposed pregnant rats to UWB electromagnetic fields during gestation days 3-18, with some pups also exposed for 10 days after birth, then evaluated offspring for behavioral, functional, and morphological effects. UWB-exposed pups emitted significantly more stress vocalizations than sham-exposed pups, and the medial-to-lateral length of the hippocampus was significantly longer in UWB-exposed pups than in sham-exposed animals. Researchers noted there does not appear to be a unifying physiological or behavioral relationship among the significant differences observed.

[Apoptosis of human lung carcinoma cell line GLC-82 induced by high power electromagnetic pulse]

Cao XZ, Zhao ML, Wang DW, Dong B. · 2002

Researchers studied whether electromagnetic pulse (EMP) could induce apoptosis in a human lung carcinoma cell line called GLC-82. Cells were irradiated with EMP at an electric field intensity of 60 kV/m, 5 pulses per 2 minutes, and analyzed using cytometry, MTT chronometry, and flow cytometry. EMP visibly inhibited proliferation and activity of the GLC-82 cells, and the highest apoptosis rate reached 13.38% at 6 hours after irradiation. EMP also down-regulated bcl-2 expression and up-regulated p53 expression in the GLC-82 cells.

Ultrawide-band electromagnetic pulses induced hypotension in rats.

Lu ST, Mathur SP, Akyel Y, Lee JC · 1999

Researchers exposed male Wistar-Kyoto rats to ultrawide-band electromagnetic pulses at 0.5-kHz and 1-kHz for 6 minutes. They measured cardiovascular functions including heart rate, systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures using a noninvasive tail-cuff sphygmomanometer. Exposure caused a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure that was robust, consistent, and persistent, while heart rate did not change. Cardiovascular functions were evaluated from 45 minutes to 4 weeks after exposure.

Ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses and morphine-induced changes in nociception and activity in mice.

Seaman RL, Belt ML, Doyle JM, Mathur SP · 1998

Researchers exposed CF-1 and C57BL/6 mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses and then tested nociception and locomotor activity. No effect of the pulses was found on nociception or activity in CF-1 mice after exposures of 15, 30, or 45 minutes at 600 pulses per second or 30 minutes at 60 pulses per second. Similarly, no effect was seen in C57BL/6 mice after 30 minutes at 60 or 600 pulses per second. Morphine-modified nociception and activity also showed no significant change after UWB exposure.

Oxidative effects of nanosecond pulsed electric field exposure in cells and cell-free media.

Pakhomova ON et al. · 2012

Researchers assessed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cultured cells and media exposed to 300-ns pulsed electric fields at 1 to 13 kV/cm. In cell-free media, the pulsed electric field facilitated conversion of H2DCF into the fluorescent marker DCF, an effect reduced by catalase but not by mannitol or superoxide dismutase, and not related to heating. The researchers concluded that bioeffects of nanosecond pulsed electric fields are not limited to electropermeabilization, and that concurrent ROS formation may lead to cell stimulation and/or oxidative cell damage.

MnSOD expression inhibited by electromagnetic pulse radiation in the rat testis

Zeng L et al. · 2011

Researchers exposed male Sprague Dawley rats to electromagnetic pulse irradiation at 100 kV/m peak-to-peak electric field intensity to observe effects on the reproductive system. Sperm morphology, micronucleus formation rate, sperm number, and viability were not affected, but the acrosin reaction rate decreased at 24 h and 48 h and recovered by 72 h after irradiation. Enzymatic activities of T-SOD and MnSOD were reduced by 24 h, MDA content increased at 6 h, and serum LH and testosterone levels were elevated in irradiated rats compared to controls. The researchers suggested that the mechanism of EMP-induced damage may be associated with inhibition of MnSOD expression.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FIELDS OF THE SIEGE ARRAY

J. A. Martin · 1970

The influence of a high-gradient, low-frequency electromagnetic field on the working ability of an altered motor structure

Sazonova, T.Y. · 1964

Ultra-wide band electromagnetic radiation does not affect UV-induced recombination and mutagenesis in yeast.

Pakhomova ON, Belt ML, Mathur SP, Lee JC, Akyel Y · 1998

Researchers exposed yeast cells to UV radiation followed by ultra-wide band electromagnetic pulses. The UWB pulses had intensities of 101-104 kV/m, 1.0 ns width, 165 ps rise time, and repetition rates of 0 Hz (sham), 16 Hz, or 600 Hz. The effect was evaluated by colony-forming ability on complete and selective media and the number of aberrant colonies. The experiments found no effect of UWB exposure on UV-induced reciprocal and non-reciprocal recombination, mutagenesis, or cell survival.

Hyperactivity caused by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor is countered by ultra-wideband pulses.

Seaman RL, Belt ML, Doyle JM, Mathur SP · 1999

Researchers investigated the effects of ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses on L-NAME-induced changes in nociception and locomotor activity in CF-1 mice. Mice were injected with saline or 50 mg/kg L-NAME and exposed for 30 minutes to sham or UWB pulses with specific electric field parameters. UWB exposure eliminated the L-NAME-induced hyperactivity. UWB exposure reduced the L-NAME-induced increase in back-paw-lick latency by 22%, but this reduction was not statistically significant.

Biological Effects of Static and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: An Overview of United States Literature

Richard D. Phillips, William T. Kaune · 1977

High-voltage electrostatic field-induced oxidative stress: Characterization of the physiological effects in Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) across multiple generations.

Luo K, Luo C, Li G, Yao X, Gao R, Hu Z, Zhang G, Zhao H. · 2019

Researchers studied how a high-voltage electrostatic field (HVEF) affected antioxidant enzyme activity and metabolic rate in the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae over multiple generations. Direct exposure of aphids and wheat seeds to a 2- or 4-kV/cm HVEF for 20 minutes resulted in significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the sixth, 11th, 16th, and 21st generations, but significantly decreased SOD activity in the second generation. Catalase and peroxidase activities showed significant decreases across multiple generations, and exposure to the 4-kV/cm HVEF for 20 min also significantly decreased the aphids' metabolic rates.

Preventing electromagnetic pulse irradiation damage on testis using selenium-rich Cordyceps fungi. A preclinical study in young male mice.

Miao X et al. · 2017

Researchers conducted a preclinical randomized study using 3-week-old male BALB/c mice repeatedly exposed to electromagnetic pulses at a peak intensity of 200 kV/m, 5 days per week for four consecutive weeks. Some mice also received daily co-administration of selenium-rich Cordyceps fungi at 100 mg/kg. Mice exposed without Cordyceps showed decreased sperm formation, shrunk seminiferous tubule diameters, and diminished antioxidative capacity at 28 and 60 days after exposure. Daily Cordyceps co-treatment alleviated the testicular damage, increased sperm formation, and reduced apoptotic spermatogenic cells.

Electromagnetic pulse activated brain microglia via the p38 MAPK pathway

Yang LL et al. · 2016

Researchers investigated whether electromagnetic pulse (EMP) exposure could activate brain microglia via the p38 MAPK pathway in rats. The expression of OX-42, a marker of microglia activation, increased significantly at 1, 6 and 12 hours after EMP exposure, then recovered to sham group levels at 24 hours. Levels of NO, TNF-α and IL-10 also changed significantly in vivo and in vitro after EMP exposure. Results suggested that EMP exposure at 200 kV/m, 200 pulses could activate microglia in rat brain and affect its secretory function, with the p38 pathway involved.

Mechanisms involved in the blood-testis barrier increased permeability induced by EMP.

Wang XW et al. · 2010

Electromagnetic pulses induce fluctuations in blood pressure in rats.

Li BF, Guo GZ, Ren DQ, Zhang RB. · 2007

Rats were exposed to EMP using a GTEM cell at 0.5 pulses per second for 200 pulses with specific absorption rates of 50 mW/kg at 200 kV/m or 75 mW/kg at 400 kV/m. Heart rates in both sham- and EMP-exposed rats were not significantly changed. Systolic blood pressure increased immediately after exposure and decreased at 1 day and 3 days. Diastolic blood pressure increased immediately and decreased at 12 hours, 1 day, and 1 month. Mean arterial pressure increased immediately and decreased at 1 day.