Hardell L et al · 2016
Researchers used an exposimeter to measure radiofrequency radiation across 20 bands from 88 to 5,850 MHz at Stockholm Central Railway Station. They recorded 1,669 data points and found a median total exposure of 921 μW/m2 with mean levels varying between 2,817 and 4,891 μW/m2 per walking round. High mean measurements were observed for GSM + UMTS 900 downlink and UMTS 2100 downlink, and almost all levels exceeded the BioInitiative precautionary target of 3–6 μW/m2.
Unknown authors · 2016
Researchers exposed young male rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (WiFi frequency) for 3 hours daily over 30 days and found significant damage to testicular tissue, including increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and reduced sperm production. The antioxidant gallic acid helped protect against these harmful effects when given alongside the radiation exposure.
Unknown authors · 2016
Turkish researchers exposed young male rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (WiFi frequency) for 3 hours daily over 30 days and found significant testicular damage including reduced sperm counts, increased inflammation, and oxidative stress. The natural antioxidant gallic acid provided protective effects against this reproductive harm.
Şahin D et al. · 2016
Turkish researchers exposed female rats to 3G cell phone radiation (2100 MHz) for either 10 or 40 days and measured DNA damage in their brains. They found increased DNA damage after 10 days of exposure, but surprisingly, the damage decreased after 40 days, suggesting the brain may develop protective responses to chronic radiation exposure.
Son Y et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed 5xFAD mice to 1950 MHz RF-EMF at 5 W/kg SAR for 2 hours daily, 5 days a week, for 3 months. They used Y-maze, Morris water maze, and novel object recognition tests to assess spatial and non-spatial memory. They also measured Aβ deposition, APP and CTFβ levels in hippocampus and cortex, and plasma Aβ peptides. The 3-month exposure did not affect Aβ-related memory impairment or Aβ accumulation.
Falone S et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed SK-N-BE(2) drug-resistant human neuroblastoma cells to a pulsed electromagnetic field and then challenged the cells with hydrogen peroxide to measure oxidative stress responses. The PEMF increased MnSOD-based antioxidant protection and reduced ROS production in response to a pro-oxidant challenge. The researchers suggested their work might lay foundation for the development of non-invasive PEMF-based approaches aimed at elevating endogenous antioxidant properties in cellular or tissue models.
Unknown authors · 2016
Duong CN, Kim JY · 2016
Researchers studied whether EMF exposure could protect a human microglial cell line, HMO6, from cell death caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), a model of ischemic injury. HMO6 cells were cultured for 4 hours under OGD with or without exposure to EMF at different combinations of frequencies and intensities, and cell survival, intracellular calcium, and ROS levels were measured. Among the combinations tested, 50 Hz/1 mT EMF was the most potent at reducing OGD-induced cell death and lowering intracellular calcium and ROS levels. A significant but less potent protective effect was also found at 10 Hz/1 mT, while no protective effect was found at other combinations.
Kesari KK, Juutilainen J, Luukkonen J, Naarala J. · 2016
Hu Y et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed genetically modified mice with Alzheimer's disease to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (50Hz, 500μT) for three months daily. The magnetic field exposure improved cognitive function, reduced brain cell death, and decreased tau protein abnormalities that are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. This suggests that controlled magnetic field exposure might have therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative conditions.
Hidisoglu E et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed rats to 2100-MHz electromagnetic fields (similar to 3G cell phone frequencies) for 2 hours daily, comparing short-term (1 week) versus long-term (10 weeks) exposure effects on brain function and oxidative stress. They found that short-term exposure actually appeared protective, improving visual processing speed and antioxidant defenses, while long-term exposure caused harmful effects including slower brain responses and increased oxidative damage.
Hidisoglu E et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed rats to 2100-MHz electromagnetic fields (similar to 3G cell phone frequencies) for either 1 week or 10 weeks and measured brain function and oxidative stress. Short-term exposure actually improved brain processing speed and antioxidant defenses, while long-term exposure caused brain processing delays and increased oxidative damage. The findings suggest that duration of EMF exposure determines whether effects are protective or harmful.
Calabrò E. · 2016
Researchers exposed human SH-SY5Y neuronal-like cells to a 50 Hz magnetic field and examined protein changes using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. After exposure, the vibration bands of the methylene group increased significantly, and a significant shift to low energies of the Amide I band was observed. An increase in the intensity of parallel and antiparallel β-sheet structures relative to the α-helix component was also observed after exposure. The authors interpreted these results as suggesting that both protein aggregation and increased hydrogen bonding occurred in the exposed neuronal-like cells.
Feng B, Qiu L, Ye C, Chen L, Fu Y, Sun W. · 2016
Researchers exposed human amniotic epithelial cells to a 50-Hz magnetic field at 0.4 mT and examined mitochondrial permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release. Exposure to the magnetic field at 0.4 mT for 60 min transiently induced mitochondrial permeability transition and Cyt-c release, although there was no significant effect on mitochondrial membrane potential. Cells exposed to the magnetic field showed increased intracellular reactive oxidative species levels and GSK-3β dephosphorylation, and the induced mitochondrial permeability transition was attenuated by a ROS scavenger or GSK-3β inhibitor.
Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG. · 2016
Researchers exposed mice to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) for up to 120 days and found it caused significant anxiety-like behavior. The study identified that these fields disrupt brain chemistry by affecting NMDA receptors and increasing glutamate levels in key brain regions. This suggests that long-term exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields can alter brain function and behavior.
Gläser K et al. · 2016
Researchers irradiated human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and HL-60 cells at GSM (900 MHz), UMTS (1,950 MHz), and LTE (2,535 MHz) frequencies, at intensities ranging from 0 to 4 W/kg SAR, for short and long exposure periods. Studied endpoints included apoptosis, oxidative stress, cell cycle, DNA damage, and DNA repair. In all but one endpoint, no clear effect of mobile phone radiation was detected; the only alteration was a small but statistically significant decrease in DNA damage in HSC exposed to GSM modulation for 4 hours.
Çeliker M et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed rats to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to 3G cell phone signals) for 30 days to study effects on hearing. While the rats' hearing tests showed no functional changes, microscopic examination revealed increased cell death and degeneration in the brain areas that process sound. This suggests that cell phone radiation may damage auditory neurons even before hearing loss becomes detectable.
Kuybulu AE et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats pre- and post-natally to 2.45 GHz wireless electromagnetic fields. The study included pre-natal, post-natal, and sham exposure groups. Spot urine NAG/creatinine ratio was significantly higher in both pre- and post-natal groups, and tubular injury was detected in most post-natal specimens. Pre-natal exposure showed low Bax and high Bcl-2 staining in kidney cortex and medulla, with higher Bcl2/Bax ratios than sham.
Tang R, Xu Y, Ma F, Ren J, Shen S, Du Y, Hou Y, Wang T · 2016
Researchers studied the effect of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on a lung metastatic melanoma mouse model and on the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg cells). Tumor-bearing mice were exposed to ELF-MFs at 0.4 T and 7.5 Hz for 2 hours per day for 27 days. Metastatic tumor burden in the lung was significantly decreased after ELF-MF treatment, and expressions of MMP2, MMP9, and Foxp3 in lung nodules significantly decreased in the ELF-MF group. In cell experiments, ELF-MF treatment reduced the Treg cell differentiation rate from 32.0% to 22.1%, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibited p-AKT in T cells.
Falone S et al. · 2016
Researchers investigated whether hyperproliferation induced by a 50 Hz, 1 mT ELF magnetic field in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells is supported by improved defense against methylglyoxal and by rewiring of energy metabolism. The ELF magnetic field interfered with the biology of these malignant cells by further de-differentiating the cellular phenotype and increasing proliferative activity. The magnetic field also triggered cytoprotective mechanisms, including enhanced defense against methylglyoxal and more efficient management of metabolic energy, presumably to support rapid cell outgrowth.
Paknahad M, Mortazavi SM, Shahidi S, Mortazavi G, Haghani M · 2016
Researchers prepared class V cavities in 20 extracted human premolars and randomly divided them into two groups of 10. The experimental group was exposed to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation for 20 minutes at a distance of 30 cm while the router communicated with a laptop 20 meters away. Mercury concentration in artificial saliva was significantly higher in the exposed group (0.056 ± .025 mg/L) than in the control group (0.026 ± .008 mg/L) (P =0.009).
Nakayama M, Nakamura A, Hondou T, Miyata H · 2016
Researchers measured DNA single-strand breaks, cell viability, and nitric oxide production in macrophage RAW264 cells exposed to a 0.5-mT, 50-Hz magnetic field for 24 hours with or without LPS stimulation. The magnetic field alone did not alter nitric oxide production. The combined effect of LPS and magnetic field was not mediated by LPS-induced nitric oxide production.
Unknown authors · 2016
The study evaluated the protective effect of lotus seedpod procyanidins against extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure at 50 Hz, 8 mT for 28 days. LSPCs increased the organ index of mice and restored damaged blood-producing function and cytokine levels including INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 in the spleen to normal. LSPCs also inhibited splenocyte stagnation in G0/G1 phase, promoted proliferation, reduced apoptosis, prevented DNA content decline, and reversed changes in Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 expression.
Unknown authors · 2016
Researchers exposed human lens epithelial cells to a 50 Hz ELF MF at 0.4 mT or sham exposure. DNA damage was assessed using γH2AX foci formation assay, western blot, flow cytometry, and alkaline comet assay. No significant increase in γH2AX foci formation was observed after exposures up to 48 hours, γH2AX expression levels did not differ between exposure groups, and no chromosomal DNA fragmentation was detected.
López-Furelos A et al. · 2016
Forty rats were divided into four groups of ten. Twenty-four hours after exposure, HSP 90 and HSP 70 levels differed between cerebral hemispheres at high SAR, while caspase-3 did not. In cerebellar hemispheres, single RF exposure at high SAR altered HSP 90, HSP 70, and caspase-3 compared with controls. The combined signals did not produce additive effects on absorbed energy or biological outcomes.
