Conclusion The study was an attempt to draw attention towards the adverse effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations (NI-EMR) in the frequency that is used widely in the field of telecommunication et al. · 2017
The study used computer simulations to investigate laptop thermal effects from electromagnetic fields and thermal sources simultaneously. Simulations provided steady-state temperature, SAR distribution, and heat flux beneath the laptop. The laptop in high performance mode generated a peak heat flux of 420 W/m², and combined with 1 W antenna radiation increased lap skin, scrotum, and testis temperatures by 5.6, 2.1, and 1.4 °C respectively. The antenna radiation alone produced peak SAR values of 0.37×10⁻³ W/kg at 2.4 GHz and 0.13×10⁻¹ W/kg at 5 GHz, considered negligible relative to safety standards.
Lewis RC et al. · 2017
Researchers numerically compared dosimetric results among adult, child, and infant models for an EAS system operating at 125 kHz and 13.56 MHz. Postures insignificantly influenced dosimetric results when the cross-sectional area under exposure was similar. Although safety limits were unlikely to be exceeded, infants had higher SAR values for brain and central nervous system tissues than adults, by 1.5 times at 125 kHz and 112 times at 13.56 MHz. The infant's specific anatomy, such as a non-proportionally large head and high fat content, did not induce higher SAR values. The numerical models developed, including stroller and postured infant models, could be freely used for nonprofit academic research.
Unknown authors · 2017
The study examined how low-frequency magnetic fields affect morphine tolerance in rats. Rats received morphine 10 mg/kg daily for eight days and were exposed to magnetic fields at 50 Hz (1, 50, 100 µT) before, immediately, or 30 minutes after each injection, and also to 0.5, 6, 12, and 30 Hz at 100 µT before injection. Exposure to 50 Hz at 1 µT and 30 Hz at 100 µT immediately before injection, and 50 Hz at 100 µT after injection, prevented tolerance, whereas exposure to 50 Hz at 1, 50, and 100 µT 30 minutes after injection did not preserve analgesia.
Open access paper: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5585657/ -- Yorgancilar E et al. · 2017
Sixteen Wistar albino rats were divided into sham and exposure groups. The exposure group received 2.4 GHz RFR from a Wi-Fi generator for 24 h/day for one year at a distance of 50 cm. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions were measured at baseline, at 6 months, and at 12 months. At 6000 Hz, DPOAE values in the exposure group were lower than in the sham group and also lower at 12 months than at baseline and 6 months, while at 2000 Hz DPOAE values at 6 and 12 months were higher than baseline.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13102818.2017.1373033 -- Topsakal S et al. · 2017
Sixteen Wistar albino rats were divided into sham and exposure groups, with the exposure group receiving 2.4 GHz RFR from a Wi-Fi generator 24 hours per day for one year at a distance of 50 cm. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. At 6000 Hz, DPOAE values were lower in the exposure group than in the sham group, and at 12 months they were also lower than baseline and 6-month values; at 2000 Hz, DPOAE values at 6 and 12 months were higher than baseline.
Wang H et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed 220 male Wistar rats to a 2.856 GHz radiation source at power densities of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mW/cm² for 6 min/day, 5 days/week, for up to 6 weeks. Rats in the 10 mW/cm² group showed declines in spatial learning and memory and EEG disorders, including decreased EEG frequencies and increased amplitudes and delta wave powers. Changes in the basic structure and ultrastructure of the hippocampus were found in the 10 and 5 mW/cm² groups. The researchers suggested that continuous microwave exposure could cause dose-dependent long-term impairment of spatial learning and memory, and that decreases in NMDAR key subunits and phosphorylation of NR2B might contribute to cognitive impairment.
Cichoń N et al. · 2017
Patients were divided into two groups, both undergoing the same 4-week rehabilitation program, with one group also receiving daily ELF-EMF exposure. The ELF-EMF group was exposed to a field of 40 Hz and 7 mT for 15 minutes per day. ELF-EMF significantly increased 3-nitrotyrosine and nitrate/nitrite levels, while NOS2 expression was insignificantly decreased in both groups. The researchers concluded that ELF-EMF therapy is capable of promoting recovery in poststroke patients.
Falone S et al. · 2017
Researchers investigated whether a 50 Hz, 1 mT ELF magnetic field promoted hyperproliferation and improved defence against reactive oxygen species in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. The field activated antioxidant and detoxification pathways linked to more aggressive cell behavior, along with upregulation of major sirtuins and increased NRF2 signaling. Exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field as low as 100 µT may still be able to alter cancer cell behavior and responses to clinically relevant drugs.
Giorgi G et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed human neural cells (BE(2)C) to an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field (50 Hz, 1 mT) for 24 and 48 hours, alone and combined with oxidative stress, to study DNA methylation changes. Exposure to the magnetic field alone or oxidative stress alone produced only weak changes in DNA methylation levels at different CpG sites. When the two exposures were combined, a significant decrease in DNA methylation levels was found at different CpG sites, and most of those changes were transient.
Naarala J et al. · 2017
Researchers studied how the direction of combined static and extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields affected cell proliferation and superoxide radical production. Proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was stimulated by a nearly vertical 60 or 120 μT static magnetic field compared with cells that were shielded against magnetic fields. When the static field was combined with an extremely low frequency ELF field, proliferation was suppressed by a horizontal but not by a vertical ELF field.
Pooam M, Nakayama M, Nishigaki C, Miyata H · 2017
Researchers exposed RAW264 macrophage cells to a 50-Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at 0.1 mT or 0.5 mT and measured superoxide production, HSP70 expression, and mitochondrial membrane potential. The magnetic field enhanced production of superoxide and the expression of HSP70. The researchers suggested that the 50-Hz magnetic field diminished mitochondrial membrane potential, which led to increased superoxide production and HSP70 expression.
Solek P et al. · 2017
Researchers investigated the effects of pulsed and continuous electromagnetic fields on two mouse spermatogenic cell lines, GC-1 spg and GC-2 spd, in vitro. The researchers evaluated mitochondrial metabolism, morphology, proliferation rate, viability, cell cycle progression, oxidative stress balance, and regulatory proteins. The results strongly suggested that EMF induced oxidative and nitrosative stress-mediated DNA damage, resulting in p53/p21-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The researchers concluded that electromagnetic field impairs male fertility by inducing p53/p21-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
Zeng Y, Shen Y, Hong L, Chen Y, Shi X, Zeng Q, Yu P · 2017
Researchers evaluated the biological effects of different patterns of extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure on primary cultured hippocampal neurons, looking at viability, apoptosis, genomic instability, and oxidative stress. Repeated exposure to a 50-Hz 2-mT field for 8 hours per day decreased cell viability and increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The researchers noted that none of the repeated exposure patterns had significant effects on DNA damage, apoptosis, or autophagy, suggesting no severe biological consequences in the cultured neurons.
Cichoń N et al. · 2017
Researchers studied 48 stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation, with half receiving additional exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (40 Hz) for 15 minutes daily. The EMF-exposed group showed increased levels of nitric oxide compounds in their blood and demonstrated better functional and mental recovery compared to the control group. This suggests that specific EMF frequencies might help enhance brain healing after stroke.
Zeng Y, Shen Y , Hong L, Chen Y, Shi X, Zeng Q, Yu P. · 2017
Researchers exposed brain cells important for memory to power-line frequency magnetic fields for eight hours daily. The exposure reduced cell health and increased cellular damage from free radicals, suggesting household electrical fields may stress brain cells without causing severe damage.
Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. · 2017
Researchers randomly assigned 24 pregnant albino Wistar rats to four groups: control, WiFi-exposed, restrained, and both WiFi-exposed and restrained. Each WiFi exposure and restraint session lasted 2 hours per day throughout gestation until parturition. Prenatal WiFi exposure and restraint, separately and especially combined, adversely affected offspring physical development, neuromotor maturation, adult emotional responses, motor and exploratory behavior, brain oxidative stress, and serum biochemistry, with most impacts depending on offspring gender.
Ehnert S et al. · 2017
The study investigated how ELF-PEMF exposure modulates human osteoblast function via reactive oxygen species. Single ELF-PEMF exposure induced ROS production in human osteoblasts without reducing intracellular glutathione. Repetitive exposure more than three times reduced ROS levels, suggesting changes in the antioxidative stress response. The researchers concluded that ELF-PEMF treatment favors differentiation of human osteoblasts by producing non-toxic ROS that induce antioxidative defense mechanisms.
Chandel S, Kaur S, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK · 2017
Researchers exposed onion roots to 2100 MHz electromagnetic field radiation for 1, 2, and 4 hours in a single day. The exposure increased levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion, indicating oxidative stress. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase showed increased activity in response.
Clarke D et al. · 2017
Researchers tested four different repetitive magnetic stimulation frequencies on primary neonatal astrocyte cultures and measured calcium responses. Only 1 Hz stimulation produced a statistically significant rise in intracellular calcium in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. This calcium increase did not change astrocyte migration or proliferation in a scratch assay. However, 1 Hz stimulation reduced astrocyte hypertrophy 24 hours after scratch injury. The authors concluded that the results provide preliminary evidence that repetitive magnetic stimulation can influence astrocyte physiology.
Villarini M et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed SH-SY5Y5 and SK-N-BE-2 neuroblastoma cells to 50 Hz magnetic fields at 0.01, 0.1, or 1 mT, aluminum chloride at 4 or 40 µM, or both together for 1 hour continuously or 5 hours intermittently. They measured DNA damage with the comet assay, redox status via GSH/GSSG ratio, and Hsp70 expression by western blot and real-time RT-PCR. Neither the magnetic field nor aluminum alone caused DNA damage, altered the GSH/GSSG ratio, or changed Hsp70 levels, and combined exposure showed no synergistic toxic effect.
Park J, Kwon JH, Kim N, Song K · 2017
Researchers exposed HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to 1950 MHz RF-EMF at a SAR of 6 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 3 days. They analyzed mRNA and protein expression of key genes involved in Aβ processing. In HT22 cells, mRNA levels of APP, BACE1, ADAM10 and PSEN1 decreased, while APP mRNA was unchanged in SH-SY5Y cells. Protein expression of APP and BACE1 and secreted Aβ peptide did not differ significantly between exposed and control cells.
Ma Q et al. · 2016
Researchers studied the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) on embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) in the laboratory. Cells were exposed to ELF-EMF at 50 Hz and 1 mT for 4 hours per day over 1, 2, and 3 days. ELF-EMF exposure increased the ratio of differentiated neurons and promoted neurite outgrowth without influencing astrocyte differentiation or cell apoptosis.
Benassi B et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed SH-SY5Y cells to an extremely low frequency magnetic field set up to reproduce environmental prolonged exposure to ELF-MF (50 Hz, 1 mT) and then treated the cells with the pro-Parkinson's toxin MPP+. ELF-MF alone did not affect cell survival, shape, or morphology, but it did significantly impair redox homeostasis and thiol content, triggering an increase in protein carbonylation. When MPP+ was added to ELF-MF-exposed cells, toxicity was highly enhanced, with significant increases in ROS levels, oxidative damage, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Pre-incubation with the thiol antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine and GSH ethyl-ester significantly reduced oxidative damage and protected cells from death caused by the combined ELF-MF/MPP+ treatment.
Calvente I et al. · 2016
Calvente I et al. · 2016
Spanish researchers measured radiofrequency radiation around the homes of 123 ten-year-old boys and tested their cognitive abilities and behavior. While most measures showed no effects, boys living in areas with higher RF exposure (though still below safety guidelines) had lower verbal skills and higher rates of anxiety-related behaviors compared to those in lower exposure areas. The researchers cautioned that study limitations prevent drawing definitive conclusions.
