Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used APP/PS1 double transgenic AD model mice, grouped them by water maze performance, and applied 40 Hz/10 mT pulsed magnetic field stimulation. Compared with the AD group, the stimulated group showed alleviation of mitochondrial crest structure loss and significant improvement in mitochondrial dynamics indexes (P < 0.001). The stimulation also improved sympathetic nerve excitation and parasympathetic nerve inhibition, and significantly improved spatial cognitive memory ability (P < 0.05).
Levitt et al · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
De Borre E, De Massia C, Boone MN, Müller P, Thielens A · 2025
Er H, Basaranlar G., Derin N., Kantar D, Ozen S. · 2025
Researchers exposed adult rats to 2100 MHz RFR for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, for either 1 week or 10 weeks, with sham controls. In the 1-week exposure group, all auditory brainstem response wave latencies were prolonged, oxidative stress markers increased, and antioxidant enzyme activities decreased. Acute exposure also caused edema in neurons, astrocytes, and astrocytic end-feet, as well as mitochondrial damage in astrocytes. The 10-week exposure group showed no harmful effects on the auditory system.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers evaluated the impact of 2.45GHz Wi-Fi radiation exposure for 4 hours daily over a consecutive 30-day period on neurobehavioral and brain oxidative stress parameters in adult zebrafish. Post-exposure assessments revealed significant neurobehavioral impairments, altered locomotion, decreased neurotransmitter levels (AChE), and increased oxidative stress.
Günay S, Delen K, Özkan ET, Kuzay Aksoy D, Sırav Aral B · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
The study evaluated the in-vitro impact of simultaneous exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz signals on neuronal electrical activity, mitochondrial ROS production, and cellular stress protein responses. Primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts were exposed at SARs of 1 or 4 W/kg for 15 minutes or 24 hours, respectively. No significant effects were found on the mean bursting rate or mean firing rate of cortical neurons, mitochondrial ROS production in fibroblasts remained unaffected, and HSF1 basal activity and responsiveness to MG132 showed no change. BRET assays detected only minor, inconsistent variations in RAS and PML basal activity and drug responsiveness, near the detection threshold.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed newborn male Drosophila melanogaster to 3.5 GHz RF-EMF at 0.1, 1, and 10 W/m2 continuously throughout their life cycle in constant darkness. Metabolomic analysis after long-term exposure revealed disruptions in four metabolic pathways and 34 differential metabolites. Key metabolites including GABA, glucose-6-phosphate, AMP, N-formylglycinamide nucleotide, LPC, and MG showed significant decreases. The authors suggest that long-term electromagnetic wave treatment may reduce overall metabolic levels in fruit flies.
Gelenli Dolanbay E et al. · 2025
Pregnant Wistar Hannover rats were divided into sham control, full-gestation exposure (3T RFR), and late-gestation exposure (2T RFR) groups with 2 hours of exposure per day. Male offspring were euthanized at 12 months for testicular analysis. In the full-gestation exposure group, seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelial height were significantly reduced compared to controls. Abnormal sperm morphology increased significantly in the full-gestation exposure group. DNA damage markers and apoptosis were elevated in both exposure groups compared to sham.
Syed Taha SMA et al. · 2025
Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6 per group) were exposed for 60 days to 3.5 GHz or 24 GHz RF-EMF for 1 h/day or 7 h/day, and testicular cytokines, apoptosis-related genes, and sperm quality were evaluated. IL-10 was significantly reduced in the 24 GHz group at both 1-h and 7-h exposure duration, and at 7 h TNF-α was also lower at 24 GHz. Casp3 expression was higher and Tp53 was lower at 3.5 GHz at 1-h exposure duration. Sperm concentration and viability were reduced after 24 GHz exposure at 7 h, while sperm motility was reduced after 3.5 GHz exposure at both durations.
Er H, Basaranlar G., Derin N., Kantar D, Ozen S. · 2025
Researchers exposed adult rats to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the frequency used by 3G cell phones) for either 1 week or 10 weeks, 2 hours daily. Short-term exposure delayed auditory brainstem responses and caused brain oxidative damage, while longer exposure with rest days showed no harmful effects. This suggests acute cell phone radiation exposure may temporarily impair hearing function.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed adult zebrafish to Wi-Fi radiation (2.45 GHz) for 4 hours daily over 30 days and found significant behavioral problems, movement changes, reduced brain chemicals, and increased oxidative stress. This study adds to growing evidence that chronic Wi-Fi exposure may harm brain function in vertebrates.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers established a dual-frequency EMR mouse model at 0.8/2.65 GHz. Exposure to this dual-frequency EMR significantly induced anxiety-like behavior in mice. Molecular experiments showed a significant decrease in CB1R levels in the medial prefrontal cortex along with a notable reduction in the endogenous cannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide, indicating downregulation of the entire endocannabinoid system. Overexpressing and knocking down CB1R in the medial prefrontal cortex confirmed that increasing mPFC CB1R levels reduced anxiety-like behavior while decreasing mPFC CB1R levels exacerbated it. Dual-frequency EMR also induced changes in the endocannabinoid system in the basolateral amygdala, and female mice exhibited similar behavioral phenotypes and molecular mechanisms.
Unknown authors · 2025
Nineteen healthy participants with a mean age of 36.5 years were exposed to 5G mobile phone exposure at 3.6 GHz and 0.0030 W/m2 for 5 and 20 minutes. Corticospinal excitability, intracortical facilitation, short intracortical inhibition, and long intracortical inhibition were measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation before and after exposure. A repeated-measures ANOVA found no significant interactions between exposure condition and time for any of these measures (all p > 0.15). Bayesian analyses gave Bayes factors close to 1, indicating inconclusive evidence for both the null and alternative hypotheses.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers created a 3D digital twin of an adult fruit fly using micro-CT scans and used it in numerical simulations to estimate absorbed power at 3.6 GHz. They exposed adult Drosophila melanogaster to 3.6 GHz fields for 5 days at 5.4 to 9 V/m (3.56 to 9.88 nW absorbed) and measured locomotor activity. They also exposed flies for 48 hours at an absorption level of 1.91 mW and measured fecundity. No effects were found on either locomotor activity or fecundity.
Gelenli Dolanbay E et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to 5G frequencies) and found that their male offspring developed severe testicular damage by adulthood. The exposed rats showed reduced sperm production, increased DNA damage, and higher rates of cell death in reproductive tissues compared to unexposed controls.
Özyılmaz C et al. · 2025
Syed Taha SMA et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed male rats to 5G frequencies (3.5 GHz and 24 GHz) for 60 days and found significant damage to sperm quality and testicular function. Both frequencies reduced sperm motility and concentration, with 24 GHz causing more severe effects including immune system disruption. The damage worsened with longer daily exposure times.
Vijay S et al. · 2025
Histological examination revealed vacuolation in the testes and corpus epididymis of both exposed groups and multifocal atypical hyperplasia in the seminal vesicle. Seminiferous tubule diameter decreased gradually in both exposed groups with a substantial decrease in the 24-hour group, and the spermatogenesis index was significantly reduced in both exposed groups. Sperm concentration was significantly reduced in both exposed groups, sperm motility decreased significantly in the 4-hour group, and sperm viability increased substantially in the 24-hour group.
Lameth J et al. · 2025
This study examined the effects of repeated head exposures to 5G signals at 3.5 GHz on adult male mice. The researchers found that while the 5G exposures did not alter behavioral outcomes, they did produce modifications in gene expression within the cerebral cortex.
Özyılmaz C et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) throughout pregnancy, then examined their offspring's thyroid glands one year after birth. The study found significant thyroid damage including increased cell death, DNA breaks, tissue scarring, and abnormal cells in the exposed offspring. This suggests prenatal WiFi exposure may cause lasting thyroid problems that persist into adulthood.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed several human and rodent cell types to 60 Hz ELF-MF at 10 and 16 mT for 72 hours. All cell types showed an approximately 20% or greater increase in proliferation at 14 mT compared with sham exposure, with no further increase at 16 mT. The proliferation increase was accompanied by activation of the MEK-ERK pathway and NF-κB, but not Akt, and a slight increase in S phase population, while ROS and calcium levels remained unchanged.
Gülmez K, Demirkazık A, Taşkıran AŞ · 2025
Twenty-four Wistar albino male rats were divided into sham, EMF, PTZ, and EMF+PTZ groups and exposed to alternating 50-Hz and 5-mT EMF for 165 min a day for 7 days while epileptic seizures were induced with PTZ. A statistically significant difference was observed in learning and short-term memory between the EMF+PTZ group and the PTZ group. Analgesia latency statistically significantly increased in the ELF-EMF and ELF-EMF+PTZ groups compared with both the control and epilepsy groups. TOS increased in the prefrontal cortex of the PTZ group versus sham, increased in the hippocampus of both PTZ and ELF-EMF+PTZ groups versus sham, and ELF-EMF decreased the hippocampal TOS increase in the PTZ group.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed various human and animal cells to 60 Hz magnetic fields at industrial-strength levels (10-16 mT) for 72 hours. They found that 14 mT exposure increased cell multiplication by at least 20% across all cell types tested, including cancer cells, by activating specific cellular growth pathways. The effect occurred without changes in cellular stress markers or calcium levels.
