Vanderwaal RP, Cha B, Moros EG, Roti Roti JL. · 2006
The radiofrequency exposures were 847 MHz TDMA at a SAR of 5 W kg-1 for 1, 2, or 24 h and 900 MHz GSM at a SAR of 3.7 W kg-1 for 1, 2, or 5 h. Acute hyperthermia at 45 degrees C increased the proportion of higher phosphorylated forms of HSP27. Exposure of HeLa S3 cells to 5 W kg-1 TDMA for 1, 2, or 24 h did not induce significant differences in HSP27 phosphorylation compared to incubator control or sham.
Zhao R, Zhang SZ, Yao GD, Lu DQ, Jiang H, Xu ZP · 2006
Wang LL, Chen GD, Lu DQ, Chiang H, Xu ZP. · 2006
Researchers intermittently exposed MCF-7 cells to GSM 1800 MHz RF EMF modulated by 217 Hz for 24 hours at SARs of 2.0 W/kg or 3.5 W/kg. A small number of differentially expressed genes were found after exposure. Reproducible analysis yielded no genes at 2.0 W/kg and five up-regulated genes at 3.5 W/kg. The five genes identified at 3.5 W/kg could not be confirmed by RT-PCR. The authors concluded that the study did not provide clear evidence of distinct gene expression changes under the experimental conditions.
Qutob SS et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed U87MG glioblastoma cells to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4 hours at SARs of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 W/kg to assess global gene expression. No evidence was found that non-thermal RF fields affect gene expression in these cells compared to nonirradiated controls. Heat shock at 43°C for 1 hour up-regulated typical stress-responsive genes in the positive control group.
Shen YH, Yu D, Fu YT, Chiang H. · 2006
Five hundred female Sprague Dawley rats received a single dose of 35 mg/kg DMBA and were divided into five groups with SARs of 0, 0.44, 1.33, and 4.00 W/kg, exposed for 4 hours per day, 5 days per week for 26 weeks. The sham-exposure group had a 37% carcinoma incidence, while the exposure groups at 0.44, 1.33, and 4.00 W/kg had incidences of 25%, 34%, and 38% respectively, with no statistically significant differences between groups. The authors concluded that the study did not provide evidence that 900 MHz GSM microwave exposure promotes DMBA-induced mammary tumor development in rats.
Lixia S et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human lens epithelial cells (hLEC) to a 1.8 GHz GSM radiofrequency field at SARs of 1, 2, and 3 W/kg for 2 hours and then measured DNA damage, Hsp70 expression, and cell proliferation. DNA breaks at 1 and 2 W/kg were not significantly different from controls at any time point, while the 3 W/kg dose showed significantly increased DNA damage only at 0 and 30 minutes after exposure. Hsp70 protein expression was significantly increased at 2 and 3 W/kg, but Hsp70 mRNA expression did not change in any group, and cell proliferation was unaffected at all doses.
Paulraj R, Behari J. · 2006
Researchers exposed 35-day-old male Wistar rats to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz and 16.5 GHz for 35 days to study effects on developing rat brain. After exposure, the researchers measured DNA single strand breaks in brain tissue using micro gel electrophoresis (comet assay), with fifty cells from each slide and two slides per animal observed. The study found a statistically significant increase (p < 0.001) in DNA single strand breaks in the brain cells of exposed rats.
Lixia S et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human eye lens cells to cell phone radiation at different power levels for 2 hours. Higher exposures caused temporary DNA damage and triggered cellular stress responses, suggesting that phone radiation can affect eye cells even without heating tissue.
Paulraj R, Behari J. · 2006
Researchers exposed developing rat brains to microwave radiation at frequencies used in WiFi (2.45 GHz) and other wireless devices (16.5 GHz) for 35 days. They found statistically significant increases in DNA single strand breaks in brain cells compared to unexposed rats. This suggests that chronic microwave exposure during brain development may cause genetic damage that could potentially lead to long-term health problems.
Aksen F, Akdag MZ, Ketani A, Yokus B, Kaya A, Dasdag S. · 2006
Jelenković A et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed adult male Wistar rats to a 50 Hz, 0.5 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic field for 7 days, while control rats were sham-exposed. Superoxide dismutase activities and production of superoxide radicals, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide were examined in the frontal cortex, striatum, basal forebrain, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum. Superoxide radicals were significantly increased in all regions examined, and lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in the basal forebrain and frontal cortex. The researchers indicated that the 7-day exposure can be harmful to the brain, especially to the basal forebrain and frontal cortex due to development of lipid peroxidation.
Reale M et al. · 2006
Researchers investigated whether overnight exposure to a 1 mT, 50-Hz sinusoidal electromagnetic field affects the expression of iNOS and MCP-1 in human monocytes. EMF exposure affected iNOS and MCP-1 expression in cultured human mononuclear cells at both the mRNA level and the protein level. iNOS was down-regulated while MCP-1 was up-regulated.
Pavicic I, Trosic I, Sarolic A · 2006
Researchers compared the effects of 864 MHz and 935 MHz microwave radiation on V79 cell proliferation, colony formation, and viability. Cells exposed to 864 MHz for 2 or 3 hours showed significantly reduced growth on day 3, whereas 3-hour 935 MHz exposure significantly increased growth. Colony-forming ability and viability did not differ significantly from controls for either frequency.
Bediz CS, Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Oztekin E. · 2006
Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to three groups: control, EMF-exposed (50 Hz, 5 minutes every other day for 6 months), and EMF-exposed with zinc sulfate (3 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally). Researchers measured plasma zinc and TBARS, and GSH in erythrocytes; TBARS and GSH were also determined in brain tissues. TBARS levels in plasma and brain were higher in EMF-exposed rats than controls, and lower in zinc-supplemented rats than EMF-exposed rats. GSH levels decreased in brain and erythrocytes of EMF-exposed rats and were highest in zinc-supplemented rats. Plasma zinc was lower in EMF-exposed rats than controls and highest in zinc-supplemented rats.
Calota V, Dragoiu S, Meghea A, Giurginca M · 2006
Researchers investigated the decrease of luminol chemiluminescence upon exposure of human blood serum to 50 Hz electric fields. After 1 and 2 hours of in vitro exposure to 50 Hz electric fields of different intensities, the chemiluminescence of luminol decreased compared to controls. The authors indicate this reflects a field-induced decrease in free radical concentration.
Jeong JH, Kum C, Choi HJ, Park ES, Sohn UD. · 2006
Researchers investigated the effect of 60 Hz ELF-MF on hyperalgesia in mice using a hot plate test. Exposure to ELF-MF lowered pain threshold and elevated NO synthesis in brain and spinal cord. The hyperalgesic effects were blocked by an NOS inhibitor and a Ca2+ channel blocker but not by an NMDA receptor antagonist.
Papageorgiou CC et al. · 2006
Exposure increased the amplitude of P50 evoked by low-frequency stimuli at the Fp1 and O1 electrode leads. Exposure decreased the amplitude of P50 evoked by high-frequency stimuli at the Fp1 electrode lead.
Vian A et al. · 2006
The study aimed to investigate how microwave irradiation affects gene expression in plants. Researchers used a carefully calibrated system that mimics environmental electromagnetic fields to measure changes in mRNA encoding a stress-related bZIP transcription factor. Exposure to low-amplitude, short-duration 900 MHz EMF evoked a rapid 3.5-fold accumulation of this mRNA, peaking 5–15 minutes after stimulation, similar to mechanical stimulation.
Lantow M, Schuderer J, Hartwig C, Simko M. · 2006
Heat and PMA treatment significantly increased superoxide radical anions and ROS production in Mono Mac 6 cells. No significant differences in free radical production were detected after RF EMF exposure compared to controls. The GSM-DTX signal at 2 W/kg showed a significant difference versus sham due to a decreasing sham value, but this difference disappeared when compared to incubator controls. No significant effects on HSP70 expression were detected after RF EMF exposures.
Verschaeve L et al. · 2006
Researchers investigated combined genotoxic effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency fields and the drinking water mutagen MX in female rats over two years. MX induced DNA damage in rat brain but not in blood or liver cells. Co-exposure to RF fields and MX did not significantly increase DNA damage in blood, liver, or brain compared to MX alone. The study used alkaline comet assay and micronucleus tests on samples taken at multiple time points.
Remondini D et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed six human cell types to 900 and 1800 MHz microwaves and analyzed gene expression using whole-genome cDNA arrays. NB69 neuroblastoma cells, T lymphocytes, and CHME5 microglial cells did not show significant changes in gene expression. EA.hy926 endothelial cells, U937 lymphoblastoma cells, and HL-60 leukemia cells showed between 12 and 34 up- or down-regulated genes. The affected gene families did not indicate a stress response.
Scarfi MR et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 healthy donors to 900 MHz GSM signals at SARs of 0, 1, 5, and 10 W/kg for 24 hours. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay showed no genotoxic or cytotoxic effects across the range of SARs investigated. Two independent laboratories (ENEA Rome and CNR-IREA Naples) each tested five donors and cross-scored slides, confirming the findings.
Thorlin et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed cultured astroglial and microglial cells to 900 MHz microwave radiation at various SARs and durations. They measured markers including interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, glial fibrillary acidic protein, total protein, and ED-1. No significant differences were found for any parameter at any time or radiation characteristic. Total protein levels remained constant and cell morphology appeared unaffected. The study concluded no evidence for effects on damage-related factors in glial cells.
Wolf FI et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed HL-60 leukemia cells, Rat-1 fibroblasts, and WI-38 diploid fibroblasts to 0.5-1.0 mT 50-Hz ELF-EMF for 24-72 hours. The treatment caused a dose-dependent increase in proliferation rate, about 30% after 72 hours at 1.0 mT. DNA damage increased dose-dependently with peaks at 24 and 72 hours. Pretreatment with the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol prevented both the proliferation increase and DNA damage, implicating redox mechanisms.
Aitken RJ, Bennetts LE, Sawyer D, Wiklendt AM, King BV. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz RFEMR at a specific absorption rate of approximately 90 mW/kg inside a waveguide for 7 days at 12 h per day. Sperm number, morphology, and vitality were not significantly affected by the exposure. However, detailed DNA analysis using QPCR revealed statistically significant damage to both the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear beta-globin locus.
