Outdoor EMF Infrastructure Research

Magnetic fields (MF) of 50 Hz at 1.2 microT as well as 100 microT cause uncoupling of inhibitory pathways of adenylyl cyclase mediated by melatonin 1a receptor in MF-sensitive MCF-7 cells

Unknown authors · 2001

Magnetic fields (MF) of 50 Hz at 1.2 microT as well as 100 microT cause uncoupling of inhibitory pathways of adenylyl cyclase mediated by melatonin 1a receptor in MF-sensitive MCF-7 cells

Unknown authors · 2001

Japanese researchers exposed breast cancer cells to 50 Hz magnetic fields at extremely low levels (1.2 microT and 100 microT) and found these fields disrupted melatonin's cancer-fighting signals. The magnetic fields prevented melatonin from properly inhibiting cellular pathways that normally help control cancer cell growth.

Effects of mobile phone radiation on x-ray-induced tumorigenesis in mice.

Heikkinen P et al. · 2001

Researchers evaluated the effect of low-level RF radiation on cancer development initiated by ionizing radiation in mice. Two hundred female CBA/S mice were randomized into four equal groups at 3 to 5 weeks of age, and all groups except the cage-control group were exposed to ionizing radiation followed by RF radiation for 1.5 h per day, 5 days a week for 78 weeks. One group received continuous NMT-type RF radiation at 902.5 MHz and 1.5 W/kg SAR, another received pulsed GSM-type RF radiation at 902.4 MHz and 0.35 W/kg SAR, while controls were sham-exposed. RF radiation exposures did not significantly increase the incidence of any neoplastic lesion. The researchers concluded that the results do not provide evidence for cancer promotion by RF radiation from mobile phones.

Measurement of DNA damage in mammalian cells exposed in vitro to radiofrequency fields at sars of 3-5 w/kg.

Li L et al. · 2001

Researchers exposed murine C3H 10T(1/2) fibroblasts to radiofrequency fields at specific absorption rates of 3.2 to 5.1 W/kg. Cell cultures were exposed to 847.74 MHz CDMA and 835.62 MHz FDMA modulated radiations in radial transmission line irradiators with temperature regulated to 37.0 ± 0.3 °C. Using the alkaline comet assay, they found no statistically significant differences in comet moment or comet length between sham-exposed and exposed cells after 2, 4, or 24 hours of exposure, for both exponentially growing and plateau-phase cells. A 4-hour incubation after a 2-hour exposure also resulted in no significant changes in comet moment or comet length. The authors concluded that exposure at 37°C up to 5.1 W/kg did not induce measurable DNA damage.

Measurement of DNA damage in mammalian cells exposed in vitro to radiofrequency fields at SARs of 3-5 W/kg.

Unknown authors · 2001

Researchers exposed mouse cells to cell phone radiation at power levels of 3-5 W/kg for up to 24 hours and found no DNA damage using sensitive laboratory tests. The study used both CDMA and FDMA signals similar to early cell phone networks. Temperature was carefully controlled to isolate radiation effects from heating.

Effect of Exposure to 900 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation on Intrachromosomal Recombination in pKZ1 Mice.

Sykes PJ, McCallum BD, Bangay MJ, Hooker AM, Morley AA. · 2001

Researchers studied the effect of pulsed 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation at 4 W/kg on somatic intrachromosomal recombination in the spleen of pKZ1 mice. Mice were exposed daily for 30 minutes to 900 MHz fields for 1, 5, or 25 days, and spleen sections were screened for DNA inversion events three days after the last exposure. There was no significant difference between control and treated groups in the 1- and 5-day exposure groups, but a significant reduction in inversions was found in the 25-day group.

Effect of Exposure to 900 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation on Intrachromosomal Recombination in pKZ1 Mice.

Sykes PJ, McCallum BD, Bangay MJ, Hooker AM, Morley AA · 2001

Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to cell phones) for up to 25 days to see if it affected DNA recombination in spleen cells. They found no effects after short exposures, but after 25 days of exposure, DNA recombination actually decreased below normal levels. While this wasn't the DNA damage scientists typically look for, it suggests RF radiation can alter how cells repair their DNA, though the health significance of this change remains unknown.

Effects of electromagnetic fields produced by radiotelevision broadcasting stations on the immune system of women.

Boscol P et al. · 2001

The study investigated the immune systems of 19 women with a mean age of 35 years who had been exposed to electromagnetic fields from radiotelevision broadcasting stations in their residential area for at least 2 years, with a mean exposure duration of 13 years. The exposed group had mean field levels of 4.3 plus or minus 1.4 V/m in the range 500 KHz to 3 GHz, while the control group had nearby residential exposure of less than 1.8 V/m. The exposed women showed statistically significant reductions in several immune cell types and lower in vitro production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The researchers concluded that high frequency electromagnetic fields reduce cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of women without a dose-response effect.

Symptoms experienced by users of digital cellular phones: a pilot study in a French engineering school.

Santini R et al. · 2001

Researchers conducted a questionnaire survey of 161 students and workers at a French engineering school about symptoms during digital cellular phone use. Users of 1800-MHz phones reported significantly more concentration difficulties than users of 900-MHz phones. Women using cellular phones complained of sleep disturbance significantly more often than men. Using both cellular phones and VDT significantly increased concentration difficulties. Longer daily calling duration and more calls per day were associated with more ear discomfort, warmth, and pricking.

Calcium protects differentiating neuroblastoma cells during 50 Hz electromagnetic radiation

Unknown authors · 2001

Researchers demonstrated that a 50- to 60-Hz magnetic field interacts with cell differentiation through two opposing mechanisms. The field antagonizes the shift in cell membrane surface charges during early differentiation and modulates hyperpolarizing K channels by increasing intracellular calcium. The simultaneous onset of both mechanisms prevents alterations in cell differentiation. The authors propose that cells are normally protected against electromagnetic insult.

Effect of global system for mobile communication (gsm)-like radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in mouse brain.

Finnie JW et al. · 2001

Researchers studied the effect of GSM radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in the mouse brain using an exposure system operating at 898.4 MHz. Mice were given a single whole-body exposure for 60 minutes at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg, while control mice were sham-exposed or permitted free movement in a cage. No significant difference in albumin extravasation was detected between any of the groups.

Electromagnetic field of mobile phones affects visual event related potential in patients with narcolepsy.

Jech R et al. · 2001

Local vasodilator response to mobile phones.

Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Hanazawa T, Barnes PJ · 2001

Researchers exposed eleven healthy adults to a 900 MHz mobile phone for 30 minutes and measured skin temperature, nasal nitric oxide, and nasal minimal cross-sectional area. On the side of the phone, skin temperature rose significantly by 2.3°C at 6 minutes, nasal nitric oxide tended to increase by 12.9% at 10 minutes, and minimal cross-sectional area decreased by 27% at 15 minutes. These changes were absent when an earpiece was used, and the opposite side showed no temperature or nitric oxide change but a 38% increase in minimal cross-sectional area.

Local vasodilator response to mobile phones.

Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Hanazawa T, Barnes PJ. · 2001

Researchers measured biological changes in 11 healthy adults during 30-minute cell phone calls using 900 MHz phones. They found significant increases in skin temperature (up to 2.3°C), reduced nasal airway space (27% decrease), and elevated nitric oxide levels on the side of the head where the phone was held. These effects disappeared when participants used earpieces instead of holding phones directly against their heads.

Analysis of the influence of the cell geometry, orientation and cell proximity effects on the electric field distribution from direct RF exposure.

Sebastian JL, Munoz S, Sancho M, Miranda JM · 2001

Researchers calculated electric field intensity using the finite element method in single- and multilayer spherical, cylindrical, and ellipsoidal mammalian cell models exposed to 900 and 2450 MHz plane waves. They analyzed how cell geometry and orientation relative to the external field influence the electric field induced in the membrane and cytoplasm. The study found that cytoplasmic and extracellular bound water layers play a significant role in determining electric field intensity for cylindrical and ellipsoidal models.

Effect of immobilization and concurrent exposure to a pulse-modulated microwave field on core body temperature, plasma ACTH and corticosteroid, and brain ornithine decarboxylase, Fos and Jun mRNA.

Stagg RB et al. · 2001

Researchers exposed tube-restrained Fischer 344 rats to pulse-modulated 1.6 GHz Iridium cell phone fields at brain SARs of 0.16, 1.6 and 5 W/ kg for 2 hours. Core body temperature increased transiently by about 0.3 degrees C during the first 30 minutes of loose-tube restraint in conditioned animals. Immobilization alone caused a nearly 10-fold rise in ACTH and corticosterone in conditioned rats, and non-conditioned rats showed 3-10-fold higher hormone levels at 120 minutes. RF exposure did not change core body temperature, corticosterone, ACTH, or brain Odc, Fos, Jun mRNA compared with sham-exposed immobilized animals. The authors concluded that the pulse-modulated digital Iridium RF field at SARs up to 5 W/kg is incapable of altering these stress-related responses.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields do not alter the cell cycle progression of C3H 10T and U87MG cells.

Higashikubo R et al. · 2001

Researchers exposed mouse C3H 10T(1/2) fibroblasts and human U87MG glioma cells to two types of radiofrequency fields at 0.6 W/kg. Five cell cycle parameters including transit through G1, G2, and S phase and probability of cell division were measured immediately and up to 100 hours. No changes in cell cycle parameters were observed in exposed cells compared to sham-exposed cells in either cell line during the entire experimental period.

Micronuclei in the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells of rats exposed to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation.

Vijayalaxmi et al. · 2001

Eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2450 MHz RFR in circularly polarized waveguides, and eight sham-exposed rats were kept in similar waveguides without RFR transmission. Four rats treated with mitomycin-C served as positive controls, and all rats were necropsied 24h after exposure to examine peripheral blood and bone marrow smears for micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes. The incidence of micronuclei per 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes was not significantly different between RFR-exposed and sham-exposed rats.

Neoplastic Transformation in C3H 10T(1/2) Cells after Exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA and 847.74 MHz CDMA Radiations.

Roti Roti JL et al. · 2001

Researchers measured the effect of 835.62 MHz FDMA and 847.74 MHz CDMA radiation on neoplastic transformation frequency using the in vitro C3H 10T(1/2) cell transformation assay system. Cells were exposed at 37°C to either radiation at a specific absorption rate of 0.6 W/kg for 7 days to test for genotoxic effects, or after 4.5 Gy X-ray exposure for 42 days to test for epigenetic promotion effects. After both the 7-day and 42-day exposures, no statistically significant differences in transformation frequencies were found between incubator controls, sham-exposed groups, and RF-exposed groups.

Influence of alternating low frequency magnetic fields on reactivity of central dopamine receptors in neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats

Unknown authors · 2001

Researchers induced dopamine neuron damage in newborn rats by infusing 6-OHDA into the brain ventricles on postnatal day 3. At two months of age, the rats were exposed to a 10 Hz, 1.8–3.8 mT magnetic field for one hour daily over 14 days, while a sham-exposed group had the solenoid turned off. After exposure, magnetic-field-exposed rats with dopamine damage showed reduced irritability and oral activity when given a D1 receptor agonist and increased catalepsy when given a D1 receptor antagonist. The authors concluded that extremely low frequency magnetic fields reduce the reactivity of central dopamine D1 receptors.

Exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to extremely low frequency high magnetic fields induces stress responses.

Unknown authors · 2001

Researchers examined responses of the small heat shock protein gene hsp-16 in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to electromagnetic fields. Expression of the hsp-16-lacZ gene was enhanced when transgenic animals were exposed to magnetic fields up to 0.5 T at 60 Hz. The hsp-16 promoter was more efficiently expressed at the embryonic than at the post-embryonic stage irrespective of exposure. Promoter activity was more sensitive to the stimulus in the intestine at the post-embryonic stage.

Micronucleus induction in Syrian hamster embryo cells following exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields, benzo(a)pyrene, and TPA in vitro

Unknown authors · 2001

Micronucleus induction in Syrian hamster embryo cells following exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields, benzo(a)pyrene, and TPA in vitro

Unknown authors · 2001

German researchers exposed Syrian hamster embryo cells to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) combined with known cancer-causing chemicals. They found that magnetic field exposure increased genetic damage by 80% when combined with the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene. This suggests power line frequency fields may act as co-carcinogens, enhancing the effects of other cancer-causing agents.

Repeated exposure of C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses: Lack of effects on mammary tumors.

Jauchem JR, Frei MR, Dusch SJ, Lehnert HM, Kovatch RM · 2001

Researchers exposed 100 C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses for 2 minutes once a week for 12 weeks, using 100 sham-control mice for comparison. There were no significant differences between groups in incidence of palpated mammary tumors, latency to tumor onset, rate of tumor growth, or animal survival. Histopathological evaluations also revealed no significant differences between the two groups in numbers of neoplasms across all tissues studied.

Neuropsychological sequelae of 50 Hz magnetic fields

Unknown authors · 2001

The study examined 30 human volunteers. Volunteers were exposed to a 28 microT circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic field for 50 minutes in a double-blind crossover design. The majority of cognitive measures showed no significant effect of exposure. Verbal recall of a 15-word list after interference was significantly impaired during field exposure. Performance on a trail-making task requiring executive functioning also decreased with exposure.