Thielens A, Vermeeren G, Kurup D, Joseph W, Martens L. · 2013
Researchers analyzed how close people can safely get to cell tower antennas operating at different frequencies (900 MHz to 2600 MHz) without exceeding safety limits. They found that current safety guidelines aren't always protective when the antenna is small compared to body size, and determined specific distances needed for compliance in front, back, and side positions. The study provides a method for calculating safe distances when multiple frequencies operate simultaneously.
Simon D et al. · 2013
French researchers exposed lab-grown skin models to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for 6 hours to see if it affected skin health and structure. While they found no major damage or cell death, the radiation did cause temporary changes in key skin proteins that help maintain the skin's protective barrier. The researchers concluded this could potentially weaken the skin's ability to protect against environmental threats.
Wang X et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed young adolescent mice to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) for one hour daily during a critical brain development period. Surprisingly, the exposed mice showed improved spatial learning and memory compared to unexposed mice when tested in maze tasks. This unexpected finding suggests that magnetic field exposure during adolescence might enhance certain cognitive abilities, though the implications for human brain development remain unclear.
Wang X et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed adolescent mice to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) for one hour daily during a critical brain development period. Surprisingly, the exposed mice showed improved spatial learning and memory compared to unexposed mice. This unexpected finding suggests that certain EMF exposures during development might enhance rather than harm specific brain functions, though the implications for human health remain unclear.
Atlı Şekeroğlu Z, Akar A, Sekeroğlu V. · 2013
Researchers exposed young and adult rats to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for 2 hours daily over 45 days. Both age groups showed significant DNA damage in bone marrow cells, with young rats more severely affected. The genetic damage persisted even after a recovery period.
Mandalà M et al. · 2013
Researchers directly exposed the auditory nerves of 12 patients to both mobile phone radiation (900 MHz) and Bluetooth headset radiation (2.4 GHz) during surgery. They found that mobile phone EMFs significantly impaired nerve function by reducing signal strength and delaying response times, while Bluetooth EMFs caused no measurable changes. This suggests Bluetooth headsets may be a safer alternative for protecting auditory nerve health during phone calls.
Zhijian C et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed human immune cells to cell phone radiation (1.8 GHz) for 24 hours. They found significant changes in 27 proteins involved in DNA repair and cancer prevention, suggesting that cell phone-level radiation may disrupt cellular processes that protect against genetic damage.
Sun W, Shen X, Lu D, Lu D, Chiang H · 2013
Researchers exposed human cells to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to cell phone signals) and found it triggered abnormal clustering and activation of cellular receptors that control cell growth. Interestingly, when they added a weak 'noise' magnetic field alongside the RF exposure, it completely blocked these cellular changes at moderate power levels, suggesting the magnetic field provided some protection against RF-induced cellular disruption.
Kuehn S, Kelsh MA, Kuster N, Sheppard AR, Shum M. · 2013
Researchers analyzed how different cell phone designs affect the amount of radiofrequency energy absorbed by the head during calls. They found that phone technology type made the biggest difference in energy absorption, with older AMPS phones creating the highest levels and GSM phones the lowest. Phone shape, antenna design, and how you hold the phone also mattered, but to a lesser degree.
Ahlers MT, Ammermüller J · 2013
German researchers exposed isolated mouse retinal tissue to cell phone radiation at various power levels (including some 10 times higher than typical phone use) to see if it affected eye cells that help process vision. They found no changes in how these retinal ganglion cells responded to light, even at the highest radiation levels tested. The study was carefully controlled to eliminate temperature effects, focusing only on potential non-thermal impacts of RF radiation on eye function.
Ahlers MT, Ammermüller J. · 2013
German researchers exposed isolated mouse retina cells to mobile phone radiation (GSM-900, GSM-1800, and UMTS) at various power levels while carefully controlling temperature. They found no changes in how these vision-critical cells responded to light stimuli, even at radiation levels 10 times higher than typical phone use. This suggests mobile phone radiation doesn't directly interfere with retinal function under controlled laboratory conditions.
Ketabi N, Mobasheri H, Faraji-Dana R. · 2013
Iranian researchers exposed protein ion channels (tiny gateways in cell membranes) to cell phone frequencies between 910-990 MHz and found that the electromagnetic fields made these channels more sensitive to electrical changes. While the channels still functioned normally, they responded more readily to voltage changes when exposed to EMF, with the strongest effect occurring at 930 MHz. This suggests that cell phone radiation can subtly alter how cellular components behave at the molecular level, even without causing obvious damage.
Kim HS et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation (used in RFID systems) for up to 16 weeks and measured brain glucose metabolism using advanced PET scanning. They found no changes in how the brain used glucose in any region tested, even at high exposure levels of 4 W/kg SAR. This suggests RFID radiation at these levels doesn't alter basic brain energy function in the short to medium term.
Kim HS et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to 915 MHz RFID radiation for up to 16 weeks at high intensity levels (4 W/kg SAR) and measured brain glucose metabolism using advanced PET scanning. They found no changes in how the brain processed glucose in any region examined, suggesting this type of radiofrequency exposure didn't alter basic brain energy function. This matters because brain glucose metabolism is a fundamental indicator of neural activity and health.
Celik MS et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to magnetic fields from power lines while giving them manganese, a potentially toxic mineral. Magnetic field exposure significantly increased manganese buildup in the brain, kidneys, and liver, suggesting everyday electrical exposures may enhance absorption of harmful metals.
Celik MS et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to power line frequency magnetic fields while giving them manganese, a potentially toxic metal. The magnetic field exposure significantly increased manganese buildup in the brain, kidneys, and liver, suggesting EMF exposure may impair the body's ability to eliminate toxic substances.
Zhang Y, She F, Li L, Chen C, Xu S, Luo X, Li M, He M, Yu Z. · 2013
Researchers exposed newborn rat brain cells to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwave ovens) for just 10 minutes and found significant neuronal damage. The radiation triggered a harmful cellular pathway that led to decreased cell survival, increased cell death, and abnormal protein changes associated with neurodegeneration. This suggests that even brief RF exposure can activate damaging processes in developing brain cells.
Zhang Y, She F, Li L, Chen C, Xu S, Luo X, Li M, He M, Yu Z. · 2013
Researchers exposed newborn rat brain cells to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwaves) for just 10 minutes and found significant neuronal damage. The brain cells showed decreased viability, increased cell death, and abnormal protein changes associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. The study identified a specific cellular pathway (p25/CDK5) that appears to drive this RF-induced brain cell injury.
Gasmelseed A, Yunus J. · 2013
Researchers used computer modeling to study how electromagnetic fields from a 900 MHz antenna (similar to cell phone frequencies) are absorbed by different parts of the human eye when a special material called metamaterial is present. They found that the specific absorption rate (SAR) - a measure of how much electromagnetic energy the eye tissues absorb - remained unchanged regardless of the metamaterial's properties. This suggests that certain engineered materials may not provide the electromagnetic shielding benefits for eye protection that some might expect.
Gutiérrez-Mercado YK et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (120 Hz at 0.66 mT) and found that these fields increased blood vessel permeability in specific brain regions called circumventricular organs. The magnetic field exposure caused blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable to substances that normally can't cross into brain tissue. This suggests that ELF magnetic fields can compromise the brain's protective blood barrier system.
Gutiérrez-Mercado YK et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to 120 Hz magnetic fields and found the fields made brain blood vessels leaky and dilated. This suggests EMF exposure might weaken the blood-brain barrier, which normally protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream.
Tong J, Chen S, Liu XM, Hao DM · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz cell phone radiation and measured brain activity in the hippocampus, which controls learning and memory. After just 10 minutes, normal brain cell firing decreased while abnormal electrical bursts increased, potentially impairing cognitive function.
Esmekaya MA et al. · 2013
Scientists exposed E. coli bacteria to power line frequency magnetic fields for 24 hours. While the bacteria survived and reproduced normally, the electromagnetic exposure damaged their cell surfaces, creating holes and destroying outer membranes. This shows EMF can cause cellular damage even when organisms appear healthy.
Esmekaya MA et al. · 2013
Scientists exposed E. coli bacteria to 50 Hz magnetic fields for 24 hours. While the bacteria survived normally, the magnetic field exposure damaged their cell surfaces, creating holes and destroying membranes. This shows EMF can harm cells even when they appear healthy overall.
Tong J, Chen S, Liu XM, Hao DM. · 2013
Chinese researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz cell phone radiation and measured brain activity in the hippocampus, which controls learning and memory. The radiation disrupted normal neuron firing patterns and increased abnormal brain cell activity, potentially impairing cognitive function.
