Novoselova ET, Fesenko EE. · 1998
Russian researchers exposed mice to extremely weak microwave radiation (8.15-18 GHz at 1 microW/cm²) and found it significantly increased production of tumor necrosis factor in immune cells called macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor is a key protein that triggers inflammation and immune responses in the body. This suggests that even very low-power microwave radiation can alter immune system function.
Pakhomova ON, Belt ML, Mathur SP, Lee JC, Akyel Y · 1998
Researchers exposed yeast cells to extremely high-intensity electromagnetic pulses (up to 104,000 volts per meter) after damaging them with UV radiation to see if the EMF exposure would worsen genetic damage. The ultra-wide band pulses, delivered at repetition rates of 16 Hz or 600 Hz for 30 minutes, showed no effect on DNA repair, mutation rates, or cell survival. This suggests that even very intense pulsed electromagnetic fields may not interfere with cellular DNA repair mechanisms.
Nakamura et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz for 90 minutes and found it suppressed natural killer cells, which fight infections and cancer. This immune suppression occurred through the body's opioid system, showing microwave exposure can weaken immunity during pregnancy when protection is most critical.
Phillips et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed immune cells to cell phone radiation at different power levels and measured DNA damage. They found that very low levels of radiation actually reduced DNA damage, while slightly higher levels increased it. This suggests that cell phone radiation can affect DNA in ways that depend on the specific exposure level.
Kavaliers M, Choleris E, Prato FS, Ossenkopp K · 1998
Researchers exposed land snails to 60-Hz magnetic fields from power lines and found the fields disrupted the animals' natural pain relief systems by altering brain chemistry. This shows that common household electrical frequencies can interfere with basic biological processes controlling pain in living organisms.
Phillips et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed immune system cells to radiofrequency radiation from cell phone signals at extremely low power levels for 2 to 21 hours. They found that very low exposures actually reduced DNA damage, while slightly higher exposures increased DNA breaks in the cellular genetic material. This suggests that even minimal RF radiation can alter DNA integrity in immune cells, though the effects varied depending on the specific exposure level.
Adair ER, Kelleher SA, Mack GW, Morocco TS, · 1998
Researchers exposed seven people to 450 MHz radio waves for 45 minutes to study heat effects. The RF energy increased sweating but participants' bodies successfully maintained normal core temperature through natural cooling. This shows human thermoregulation can handle these RF exposure levels effectively.
Behari J, Kunjilwar KK, and Pyne S · 1998
Researchers exposed developing rats to radiofrequency radiation similar to what cell phones emit and found it significantly increased activity of a critical brain enzyme called Na+-K+-ATPase by 15-20%. This enzyme is essential for nerve cell function and brain development. The findings suggest that RF radiation can alter fundamental brain chemistry in developing animals, raising concerns about potential effects on brain development in children.
Braune, S, Wrocklage, C, Raczek, J, Gailus, T, Lucking, CH · 1998
German researchers exposed 10 healthy volunteers to GSM 900 MHz cell phone radiation for 35 minutes while continuously monitoring their blood pressure and heart rate. They found that resting blood pressure increased during exposure to the phone's electromagnetic field compared to a placebo condition. This suggests that even short-term exposure to cell phone radiation can affect cardiovascular function in healthy individuals.
Kwee S, Raskmark P · 1998
Researchers exposed human cells to 960 MHz microwave radiation (similar to early cell phone frequencies) at different power levels and durations to see how it affected cell growth. They found that microwave exposure consistently reduced cell proliferation compared to unexposed control cells, with stronger fields requiring less exposure time to achieve maximum effects. This suggests that radiofrequency radiation can directly interfere with normal cellular processes in a dose-dependent manner.
Malyapa RS et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (the same frequency used in microwave ovens) for 2 hours to test whether it causes DNA breaks in brain cells. They found no DNA damage in either the brain's cortex or hippocampus regions, contradicting an earlier study that reported such damage. This suggests that short-term exposure to this type of microwave radiation at moderate levels may not harm brain cell DNA.
Mann et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed healthy volunteers to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields (similar to older cell phones) while they slept and measured hormone levels throughout the night. They found a small, temporary increase in cortisol (stress hormone) right after exposure began, but no effects on growth hormone, reproductive hormones, or melatonin. The study suggests our bodies may quickly adapt to this type of EMF exposure.
Repacholi et al. · 1997
Scientists exposed genetically cancer-prone mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields (similar to cell phone signals) for 30 minutes twice daily for up to 18 months. The exposed mice developed lymphoma (a type of cancer) at 2.4 times the rate of unexposed mice. This suggests that cell phone-type radiation may accelerate cancer development in those already genetically susceptible.
Penafiel LM, Litovitz T, Krause D, Desta A, Mullins JM · 1997
Scientists exposed mouse cells to 835 MHz microwaves and found that pulsed signals (like those from digital phones) increased a growth-related enzyme by up to 90%, while steady signals showed little effect. This suggests the signal pattern, not just power level, influences biological responses.
Persson BRR, Salford LG, Brun A · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to 915 MHz microwave radiation (similar to cell phone frequencies) for periods ranging from 2 minutes to 16 hours and examined whether this damaged the blood-brain barrier, a critical protective shield that prevents toxins from entering brain tissue. They found that 39% of exposed rats showed abnormal leakage in their blood-brain barrier compared to only 17% of unexposed control rats. This suggests that wireless communication frequencies can compromise the brain's natural protective barrier, potentially allowing harmful substances to reach brain cells.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to 60-Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as household electricity) and found that this exposure caused DNA breaks in brain cells. However, when the rats were given melatonin or another antioxidant compound before exposure, these protective substances completely blocked the DNA damage. This suggests that magnetic fields may damage DNA through free radical formation, and that antioxidants might offer protection.
Malyapa RS et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed mouse and human cells to cell phone frequencies (835-847 MHz) for up to 24 hours at power levels similar to phone use to see if the radiation damaged DNA. Using a sensitive test called the comet assay, they found no DNA damage in the exposed cells compared to unexposed control cells. This suggests that cell phone radiation at typical exposure levels may not directly break DNA strands in laboratory conditions.
Roschke, J, Mann, K · 1997
German researchers exposed 34 healthy men to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for 3.5 minutes while measuring their brain activity with EEG sensors. They found no detectable changes in brain wave patterns during the short exposure period compared to when the phone was turned off. This suggests that brief cell phone use may not immediately alter brain electrical activity in awake, healthy adults.
Malyapa RS et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed lab-grown cells to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and older WiFi) for up to 24 hours to see if it would damage DNA. Using a highly sensitive test called the comet assay, they found no DNA damage at either exposure level tested. This contradicted earlier studies that suggested microwave radiation could break DNA strands in brain cells.
Ivaschuk OI et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed rat nerve cells to cell phone radiation at 836.55 MHz (the frequency used by early digital cell phones) to see if it would affect the activity of genes called c-fos and c-jun, which help control cell growth and responses to stress. They found mostly no effects, except for a 38% decrease in c-jun gene activity at the highest exposure level of 9 mW/cm². This suggests that cell phone radiation may have subtle effects on nerve cell gene expression, but only at relatively high exposure levels.
Stagg RB, Thomas WJ, Jones RA, Adey WR · 1997
Researchers exposed brain cells (both normal and cancerous glioma cells) to cell phone-like radiofrequency radiation at 836.55 MHz for 24 hours to see if it would promote tumor growth by affecting DNA synthesis. While they found small increases in DNA activity in some cancer cell experiments, this didn't translate to actual increased cell growth or proliferation in either normal or cancerous cells.
Vijayalaxmi et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed cancer-prone mice to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and some WiFi) for 20 hours daily over 18 months to test whether it causes DNA damage. They measured micronuclei - tiny fragments that indicate genetic damage - in blood and bone marrow cells. The study found no significant difference in DNA damage between exposed and unexposed mice, suggesting this level of RF exposure did not cause detectable genetic harm.
Litovitz et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed cells to microwave radiation from cell phones and found it increased activity of an enzyme called ornithine decarboxylase, which is linked to cell growth and potentially cancer. However, when they added low-frequency electromagnetic 'noise' during the exposure, it completely blocked these cellular effects. This suggests that certain types of electromagnetic interference might actually protect cells from microwave damage.
Gos, P, Eicher, B, Kohli, J, Heyer, WD · 1997
Researchers exposed yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to extremely high frequency electromagnetic fields around 41.7 GHz at very low power levels to see if the radiation affected how quickly the cells divided. After careful testing with proper controls, they found no significant differences in cell division rates between exposed and unexposed yeast. This contradicts some earlier studies that claimed to find biological effects from similar EMF exposures.
Donnellan M, McKenzie DR, French PW · 1997
Researchers exposed immune cells called mast cells to 835 MHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to cell phone frequencies) for 20 minutes three times daily over a week. The exposed cells showed increased DNA synthesis, altered cell shape, and enhanced release of inflammatory substances compared to unexposed cells. These cellular changes persisted for at least a week after the radiation exposure ended, suggesting the effects may trigger lasting biological responses.
