Holly EA, Aston DA, Ahn DK, Smith AH. · 1996
Researchers conducted a case-control study in the western United States to examine the relation between occupations or chemical exposures and uveal melanoma risk. Among 221 male cases and 447 controls, intense ultraviolet light exposure, welding exposure, asbestos exposure, and occupations as chemists, chemical engineers, or chemical technicians were associated with elevated odds ratios.
Unknown authors · 1995
High or very high wire codes were associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.8 (95% CI 0.9-3.4) for lymphoma. Very high current codes showed an odds ratio of 6.8 (95% CI 1.6-28.5), and outdoor magnetic fields of 2.0 mG or greater yielded odds ratios of 1.5-1.9. Risk was higher among dogs spending more than 25% of the day outdoors.
Unknown authors · 1995
The study examined childhood cancer risk in relation to factors indicating magnetic field exposure from ground currents in homes. Researchers obtained plumbing conductivity data from water suppliers for 347 cases and 277 controls from a Denver area study. Children in homes with conductive plumbing had a matched odds ratio of 1.72, which rose to 3.00 for residentially stable participants. A metric of nonvertical magnetic fields above median intensity showed a matched odds ratio of 4.0, and similar associations appeared in an independent Seattle leukemia dataset.
Unknown authors · 1995
This opinion piece reviews possible health effects of microwave or radar exposure in military, broadcasting, and occupational settings. The author notes that few studies have reliable dose estimates, none have accurate individual dosages, and none show tissue heating or short-term effects.
Unknown authors · 1994
Researchers conducted a case-control study of adults who lived between 1960 and 1985 on properties in Sweden within 300 meters of 220 or 400 kilovolt power lines. The study identified 325 leukemia cases and 223 central nervous system tumor cases, with two matched controls per case. Exposure was assessed by spot measurements and by calculations of the magnetic fields generated by the power lines. For calculated magnetic field levels of 0.2 microT or more, the relative risk was 1.7 for acute myeloid leukemia and 1.7 for chronic myeloid leukemia; using cumulative exposure for 15 years the relative risks were 2.3 and 2.1 for the highest exposure category.
Unknown authors · 1994
A case-control study with 12 cases and 48 matched controls examined risk factors including distance to low frequency radio towers. The odds ratio for having lived within 2.6 miles of the radio towers before diagnosis was 2.0 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.06 to 8.3. The authors noted the clustering may have been a chance event but should be noted due to its peculiar characteristics.
Wu RY, Chiang H, Shao BJ, Li NG, Fu YD · 1994
The study used 115 Balb/c mice that were 4 weeks old, divided into control, DMH, DMH plus microwave, and DMH plus TPA groups. The microwave exposure was 2.45 GHz radiation at 10 mW/cm2 delivered dorsally in an anechoic chamber. Radiation was administered 3 hours daily, 6 days per week for 5 months, and DMH was injected once per week. Tumor incidence did not differ significantly among the three DMH treatment groups. Group D had more tumors, larger tumors, and more protuberant and infiltrative tumor types than groups B and C, and groups B and C did not differ.
Singh N, Rudra N, Bansal P, Mathur R, Behari J, Nayar U · 1994
Researchers exposed Twenty-three days old rats to 2.45 GHz microwaves at 1.0 mW/cm2 for sixty days and measured poly ADPR polymerase activity in various organs. The enzyme activity increased by 20% in liver and 35% in testis, while it decreased by 53% in brain diencephalon and 20% in cortex. No change was observed in spleen and kidney, and the changes were accompanied by alterations in NAD+ levels.
Unknown authors · 1993
DMBA was given orally at 5 mg/kg on the first day and weekly thereafter up to a total dose of 20 mg per rat. Eight weeks after DMBA application, the magnetic-field-exposed rats exhibited significantly more tumors than sham-exposed animals. At the end of the three-month exposure, tumor incidence in the exposed group was 50% higher than in the sham group, a statistically significant difference. Tumor size as estimated by palpation was also significantly larger in the magnetic-field-exposed rats compared with sham-exposed rats.
Unknown authors · 1993
A case-control study examined cancer incidence in children who lived within 300 meters of 220 and 400 kV power lines in Sweden from 1960 to 1985. Researchers identified 142 cancer cases, including 39 leukemia and 33 central nervous system tumor cases, and selected 558 controls from the study base. For childhood leukemia, the relative risk was 2.7 (95% CI 1.0-6.3) at 0.2 microtesla and 3.8 (95% CI 1.4-9.3) at 0.3 microtesla, with significant trends. No association was found for central nervous system tumors, lymphoma, or all childhood cancers combined.
Unknown authors · 1993
Researchers simulated cohort and case-control samples using ELF-MF exposure prevalence, childhood leukemia incidence, and confounder data from literature and existing datasets. They combined the simulated data using three methods: two-stage meta-analysis, one-stage pooling, and two-stage meta-analysis with pooling. All three methods produced estimates close to the causal estimate with no obvious overestimation or underestimation. One-stage pooling showed the widest confidence intervals but the difference was not statistically significant.
Unknown authors · 1993
Researchers simulated cohort and case-control samples using parameters from literature and existing datasets to test pooling methods for different study designs. They combined the simulated data using two-stage meta-analysis, one-stage pooling, and two-stage meta-analysis with pooling. All three methods yielded estimates close to the causal estimate with no obvious overestimation or underestimation. One-stage pooling showed the widest 95% confidence interval but the difference was not significant. The authors concluded that the performance of the three methods was not certain and further simulations are needed.
Unknown authors · 1993
Researchers observed six incident cases of testicular cancer among 340 police officers between 1979 and 1991. The observed-to-expected ratio was 6.9 with p<0.001. All six officers routinely held hand-held radar guns close to their testicles.
Verma M, Dutta SK. · 1993
The study aimed to investigate microwave induced alteration in neuron specific enolase gene expression. Researchers exposed pNGE7 cells containing the neuron specific enolase gene to 915 MHz, 16 Hz AM radiation at SAR 0.05 mW/kg. Exposure resulted in elevation of neuron specific enolase, a diagnostic marker for neuron and lung cancer. Ion-exchange chromatography separated neuron specific enolase activity from non-neuronal enolase activity and showed altered expression of both.
Unknown authors · 1992
Fucic A, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Skara M, Dimitrovic B · 1992
Researchers used the micronucleus assay with a new mathematical approach to separate clastogenic from aneugenic activity of vinyl chloride monomer, X-rays, and microwaves on human somatic cells. Comparison of micronucleus size distributions in lymphocytes from exposed humans showed X-rays and microwaves were preferentially clastogens while vinyl chloride monomer showed aneugenic activity as well. The authors noted that microwaves possess some mutagenic characteristics typical of chemical mutagens.
Unknown authors · 1991
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 232 cases and 232 controls aged birth to 10 years in Los Angeles County from 1980 to 1987. Magnetic field measurements were taken in the child's bedroom over 24 hours or longer for 164 cases and 144 controls, and spot measurements for 140 cases and 109 controls. No clear associations were seen between leukemia risk and measured magnetic or electric fields. An association was observed between the Denver Wertheimer-Leeper wiring configuration and childhood leukemia risk with an odds ratio of 2.15. Cases were more likely than controls to report use of several appliances that produce high electric and magnetic fields.
Balcer-Kubiczek EK, Harrison GH. · 1991
Researchers exposed actively growing cultures of C3H/10T1/2 cells for 24 hours to 2.45-GHz microwaves pulse-modulated at 120 Hz. The electromagnetic fields alone had no effect on cell survival or induction of neoplastic transformation. When combined with the tumor promoter TPA, the enhancement of transformation was highly significant and ranged up to a level equivalent to that produced by 1.5 Gy of X rays. The frequency of neoplastic transformation was dependent on the level of electromagnetic exposure and was additive with doses of X rays given as a cocarcinogen.
Unknown authors · 1990
They calculated magnetic-field strengths at birth addresses using line-network maps and load records. The results showed no association between childhood malignancies and either proximity to or magnetic fields from overhead lines. Statistical power was limited because few children lived close to overhead power lines.
Unknown authors · 1989
Researchers conducted a population-based case-control study of leukemia and residential proximity to electricity supply equipment in south-east England. The study included 771 leukemia cases matched to 1,432 cancer controls and 231 general population controls. Exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields was assessed indirectly from the distance, type, and loading of nearby power lines and transformer substations. Only 0.6% of subjects lived within 100 m of an overhead power line, where the relative risk of leukemia was 1.45 (95% CI 0.54-3.88), rising to 2.0 within 50 m (95% CI 0.4-9.0). Over 40% of subjects lived within 100 m of a substation, with a relative risk of 0.99, and residence within 25 m carried a risk of 1.3 (95% CI 0.8-2.0).
Joseph D. Bowman et al. · 1988
Researchers took spot measurements of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields at 114 work sites across several electrical worker occupations and at 18 residences for comparison. Magnetic field exposures were significantly higher than residential levels in most electrical worker categories, with the highest reading of 1250 x 10^-7 Tesla on a battery-powered forklift operator. Electric field exposures exceeded residential levels in only 25% of measurements, limited to power line workers, power station operators, and TV repairers.
Unknown authors · 1988
Researchers studied 356 children diagnosed with cancer between 1976 and 1983 in the Denver area and compared them with controls selected by random digit dialing. Measured magnetic fields under low power use at a 2.0 milligauss cutoff showed an odds ratio of 1.4 for total cancers, with higher odds ratios for leukemias, lymphomas, and soft tissue sarcomas. Wire configuration codes contrasting very high and high versus very low, low, and buried codes yielded an odds ratio of 1.5 for total cancers. Adjusted estimates for measured fields and wire codes did not differ from crude results, indicating an absence of confounding.
Unknown authors · 1986
Unknown authors · 1984
Researchers gave 10 mg of DMBA per 100 g body weight by stomach tube to rats from two sources. Dutch-source rats showed about 25% carcinoma and 18% fibroadenoma rates after 367 days. U.S.-source rats showed 90-100% carcinoma and 83-95% fibroadenoma rates after 300 days.
John R. Lester, Dennis F. Moore · 1982
