Hamzany Y et al. · 2013
The study aimed to observe whether human saliva indicates adverse health effects of mobile phone use. Researchers studied 20 mobile phone users with a mean duration of 12.5 years and mean use of 29.6 hours per month, comparing them to deaf individuals as controls. They found a significant increase in all salivary oxidative stress indices and decreases in salivary flow, total protein, albumin, and amylase activity in mobile phone users. The observations led to the hypothesis that mobile phone use may cause oxidative stress and modify salivary function.
Aynali G, Nazıroğlu M, Celik O, Doğan M, Yarıktaş M, Yasan H · 2013
Thirty-two male rats were divided into four groups, including a melatonin-treated group receiving 10 mg/kg/day. Rats in the exposure groups received 2.45 GHz radiation for 60 minutes daily for 28 days. Radiation exposure raised lipid peroxidation levels compared with controls. Melatonin treatment lowered lipid peroxidation and increased glutathione peroxidase activity. Reduced glutathione levels did not differ among groups.
Li SS, Zhang ZY, Yang CJ, Lian HY, Cai P · 2013
Researchers studied the effects of short-term and long-term ELF-EMF exposure on male Drosophila melanogaster using transcriptomic analysis and QRT-PCR. Transcriptomic analysis showed that short-term exposure up-regulated 439 genes and down-regulated 874 genes, while long-term exposure up-regulated 514 genes and down-regulated 1206 genes. Short-term exposure may decrease male reproductive ability, but long-term exposure had no effect. QRT-PCR confirmed that jra, ark, and decay genes were down-regulated after exposure for one generation and 72 hours, suggesting apoptosis may be inhibited.
Tasset I et al. · 2013
Researchers used a Huntington's disease-like rat model induced by 3-nitropropionic acid. Western blot analysis showed that 3-NP reduced Nrf2 in both cytoplasm and nucleus, while TMS increased Nrf2 levels in both compartments.
Podda MV et al. · 2013
Researchers injected mice with BrdU to label newborn cells and exposed them to ELFEFs 9 days later for 3.5 hours per day over 6 days. ELFEF exposure enhanced newborn neuron survival as shown by double staining for BrdU and doublecortin or NeuN labeling. The exposure was associated with enhanced spatial learning and memory. In hippocampal neural stem cell cultures, ELFEFs rescued differentiating neurons from apoptotic cell death. Western blot analysis revealed reduced pro-apoptotic Bax and increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in exposed mice and cultures compared to sham controls.
Kim HJ, Jung J, Park JH, Kim JH, Ko KN, Kim CW. · 2013
Zhang Y, She F, Li L, Chen C, Xu S, Luo X, Li M, He M, Yu Z. · 2013
Researchers exposed primary cultured cortical neurons from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats to pulsed 2.45 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields for 10 minutes. Exposure significantly decreased cellular viability and increased apoptotic nuclei, CDK5 activity, the p25 to p35 ratio, and tau phosphorylation at Ser404. CDK5 expression did not change significantly after exposure. A CDK5 inhibitor blocked the exposure-induced decrease in cellular viability and tau hyperphosphorylation but did not significantly block apoptosis.
Eser O et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed 24 adult male Wistar Albino rats to 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz microwaves for 1 hour per day over 2 months. The exposed rats showed severe degenerative changes, shrunken cytoplasm, and extensively dark pyknotic nuclei in the frontal cortex and brain stem compared with controls.
Köktürk S et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to electromagnetic fields during pre- and postnatal periods until postnatal day 80, with one group receiving daily oral Lycopersicon esculentum extract at approximately 2 g/kg. Compared to unexposed controls, EMF-exposed rats showed a significant increase in caspase-3-labeled Purkinje neurons and granule cells, and Purkinje neurons exhibited dark neuron degenerative changes. Rats given the extract alongside EMF exposure had significantly fewer caspase-3-labeled neurons and fewer dark Purkinje neurons than EMF-only rats. The authors concluded that Lycopersicon esculentum exerted a protective effect against EMF-induced apoptosis and neurodegeneration in the cerebellum.
Zhu W, Zhang W, Li Y, Xu J, Luo J, Jiang Y, Lu X, Lü S. · 2013
Researchers investigated the effect of 2450 MHz microwave radiation at intensities of 2.5 to 20.0 mW/cm2 for 20 minutes on human pancreatic cancer JF305 cells. Proliferation was measured by MTT assays, apoptosis was detected by Annexin V-FITC and PI staining, Caspase-3 activity was examined, and Caspase-3 and HSP70 protein expression were detected by Western blotting. After radiation, proliferation inhibition rates were significantly higher than control and apoptosis was induced. Caspase-3 activity increased compared with control (P < 0.05), and Caspase-3 and HSP70 protein expression increased significantly across dosage groups. The researchers concluded that microwave radiation inhibits JF305 cell proliferation, possibly by inducing apoptosis through changes in stress level.
Zhijian C et al. · 2013
The study used protein microarray to examine protein expression in human B lymphoblastoid cells intermittently exposed to 1.8-GHz GSM radiofrequency radiation at a specific absorption rate of 2.0 W/kg for 24 hours. The analysis identified 27 differentially expressed proteins associated with DNA damage repair, apoptosis, oncogenesis, cell cycle, and proliferation, with a fold change greater than 1.5 and P<0.05. Western blot validation confirmed that RPA32 expression was significantly down-regulated and p73 expression was significantly up-regulated in the exposed group (P<0.05).
Xu S et al. · 2013
Tsybulin O et al. · 2013
Japanese quail embryos were exposed in ovo to GSM 900 MHz radiation for 38 hours or 158 hours with a 48-second on, 12-second off cycle at an average power density of 0.25 μW/cm(2) and a specific absorption rate of 3 μW/kg. The number of differentiated somites was assessed microscopically and DNA damage was assessed by an alkaline comet assay. After 38 hours the number of differentiated somites increased and DNA strand breaks decreased, while after 158 hours the number of differentiated somites decreased and DNA damage increased.
Sun W, Shen X, Lu D, Lu D, Chiang H · 2013
The radiofrequency radiation induced EGF receptor clustering and enhanced phosphorylation on tyrosine-1173 at the higher absorption rates but not at 0.1 W/kg. A 2 μT incoherent magnetic field alone did not significantly affect receptor clustering or phosphorylation. When applied together, the incoherent magnetic field completely inhibited the radiofrequency radiation effects at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 W/kg but not at 4.0 W/kg.
Luo Q, Jiang Y, Jin M, Xu J, Huang HF. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant volunteers at about 50 days gestation to cell phone EMF at 1.6 to 8.8 W/kg for one hour. They used two-dimensional electrophoresis to examine protein profile changes and found up to 15 spots with significant 2- to 2.5-fold changes compared to sham-exposed group. Twelve proteins were identified, including procollagen-proline, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta, and others.
Jiang B, Zong C, Zhao H, Ji Y, Tong J, Cao Y · 2013
Adult male ICR mice were pre-exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields for 4 hours per day for 7 days, then given an acute whole-body dose of 3 Gy gamma radiation. The micronucleus assay was used to measure genotoxicity in immature erythrocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Mice exposed to the radiofrequency fields alone showed micronucleus indices similar to unexposed controls, while mice given gamma radiation alone showed a significantly increased micronucleus frequency. Mice pre-exposed to the radiofrequency fields before gamma radiation showed a significant decrease in micronucleus indices compared to those given gamma radiation alone.
Gapeyev AB, Kulagina TP, Aripovsky AV. · 2013
Researchers studied how extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) affected fatty acid composition in the thymus, liver, blood plasma, muscle tissue, and tumor tissue of mice carrying Ehrlich solid carcinoma. Mice were exposed to EHF EMR at 42.2 GHz, 0.1 mW/cm2, for 20 minutes daily over five consecutive days starting the day after tumor cells were introduced. In tumor-bearing mice, EHF EMR exposure led to recovery of fatty acid composition in thymocytes to the state typical for normal animals, and in tumor tissue it significantly decreased monounsaturated fatty acids and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Atlı Şekeroğlu Z, Akar A, Sekeroğlu V. · 2013
Researchers investigated the cytogenotoxic effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on bone marrow cells of immature and mature rats. Rats in the treatment groups were exposed to RF-EMF for 2 hours per day for 45 days. Significant differences were observed in chromosome aberrations, micronucleus frequency, mitotic index, and ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes in all treatment and recovery groups. A 15-day recovery period after exposure did not reduce the damage to the same extent as the corresponding control groups.
Bertolino G, Dutra Souza HC, de Araujo JE. · 2013
Researchers studied the effects of static magnetic field stimulation on motor behavior and brain tissue in Wistar rats that had received a 6-Hydroxydopamine lesion in the substantia nigra compacta. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into groups, and in those receiving magnetic stimulation, a 3200-gauss magnet was fixed to the skull. Lesioned rats that received magnetic stimulation spent more time on the rotarod apparatus and had a higher number of surviving neurons than the lesion-only group.
Tkalec M, Stambuk A, Srut M, Malarić K, Klobučar GI. · 2013
Researchers exposed earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in vivo to 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at field levels of 10, 23, 41 and 120 V m(-1) for 2 hours using a Gigahertz Transversal Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell. All exposure treatments induced significant genotoxic effects in earthworm coelomocytes, as detected by the Comet assay. The results also indicated enhanced catalase and glutathione reductase activity, as well as lipid and protein oxidative damage. Antioxidant responses and the potential for damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA differed depending on field level, field modulation, and duration of exposure.
Payez A et al. · 2013
Both field types increased the speed of germination but did not affect germination percent, compared to the control group. EMF significantly reduced seedling length and vigor index I, while SMF had no effects on these parameters, but both treatments significantly increased vigor index II. Both treatments increased catalase activity and proline contents but reduced peroxidase activity, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakages of membranes.
Burlaka A et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed Japanese quail embryos in ovo to GSM 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation at 0.25 µW/cm2 for 158 to 360 hours on a discontinuous schedule. The exposure produced a significant persistent overproduction of superoxide and nitrogen oxide in embryo cells throughout the analysis period. Exposed embryo cells also showed significantly increased levels of TBARS and 8-oxo-dG alongside significantly decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities.
Rajabbeigi E, Ghanati F, Abdolmaleki P, Payez A · 2013
Researchers studied how parsley cells responded to 21 ppm iron and a static magnetic field (SMF; 30 mT), measuring antioxidant enzymes and related molecules at 6 and 12 hours after treatments. SMF exposure alone increased catalase activity, but when combined with iron, or with iron alone, catalase activity decreased compared to control cells. The combination of SMF with iron reduced the iron content of cells and lessened iron's negative effect on catalase activity. Ferritin levels dropped significantly in SMF-treated and SMF-plus-iron-treated cells at 12 hours, leading the researchers to question ferritin's proposed role as a reactive oxygen species detoxifying molecule.
Poniedziałek B et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood samples to a gradient static magnetic field (SMF) in vitro to measure its effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in neutrophils. Blood samples from healthy individuals were incubated in an inhomogeneous SMF at either the south or north pole for 15, 30, or 45 minutes, with a maximum field induction of approximately 60 mT. The exposure induced statistically significant changes in ROS production in both unstimulated and PMA-stimulated neutrophils, with effects that were highly correlated with exposure time and depended on field orientation.
Poniedzialek B et al. · 2013
Researchers investigated the effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on reactive oxygen species production in human neutrophils in peripheral blood in vitro. Three different levels of magnetic induction were analyzed: 10, 40 and 60 μT. Incubation in EMF slightly inhibited activity in unstimulated neutrophils, while activity increased in PMA-stimulated neutrophils after incubation in EMF.
